高三英语句子成分讲解

高中英语句子成分(Members of a Sentence)

英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

英语五种基本句型列式如下： 一： Ｓ Ｖi （主＋谓）

二： Ｓ linkＶＰ （主＋系＋表） 三： Ｓ Ｖt Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

四： Ｓ Ｖt ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 五： Ｓ Ｖt Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖi （主＋谓）

主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词,句子等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！

谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，无被动形式，如：We come.

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）

1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。 2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。 3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。

4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5. Who │cares? 管它呢？

6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 **8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。 **补充：Vi 用主动表被动情形： 1. The poem reads well. 2. This kind of cell phone sells well. 3. Her pen writes well / smoothly. 4. That knife cuts well. / The metal cuts easily 5. The cake on the desk eats well. / The beer drinks well. 6. My door locks / shuts / opens easily. 7. Silk washes and dries easily. 8. Your car drives easily. / The old cart (四轮马车) draws easily. 9. Those clothes wear long. 基本句型 二： Ｓ linkＶ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。 补充：系动词分类：

1. be表状态（本身没有什么意义）

2. look, sound, swell, taste, feel感官系动词—译为“ ….起来…(怎么样)”; 3. get, grow, become, turn, go, fall, come表示变化; 4. seem, appear表示“似乎，好像”;

5. keep, remain, stay, continue表状态延续; 6. prove ―被证明是…(+ adj./n.)‖ 。

**注意：所有连系动词通常无被动语态。除表变化的系动词，也都无进行时态。 Eg: 1. You are all students / clever / in the classroom / here.

2. We look fine. / Your idea sounds reasonable. / The cake smells good. /

This soup tastes a little salty. / The cloth feels smooth. / It feels cool to stay at the beach.

(It feels like a fish. / His voice sounds like birds. / He looks like his father. 特例：– (That) sounds a good idea.)

3. become longer / an engineer / trapped in the fire

Get angry / caught in the rain / hurt / burnt / changed (换衣服) Turn yellow / pale / engineer / 30 Grow strong / thick / fat (into a strong man) Fall asleep / ill / in love Go crazy / mad / bad / dry Come true 4. keep fresh / clean / quiet

remain rich / enthusiastic / a doctor / standing / seated stay young

continue fine (天气持续晴朗)

5. You seem / appear (to be) calm / tired. 6. The facts prove (Vt) what you said is right. / What you said proves right. He finally proved (to be) honest / an honest man. Ｓ | linkＶ | Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。 3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮

6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。 7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。

基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖt Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ

1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。

3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。 4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。

**5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 6. He │said │\他说：\早上好！\**7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。

** 8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。 **9. All the students | are listening to | me carefully.

基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.

强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如： Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.

Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）

1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。

2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。 3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。 5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片 6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。

7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。

**补充：Vt + sth + to + sb : give, tell, show, bring, send, lend, teach, pass, hand, owe, offer, recommend…

Vt + sth. + for + sb. : buy, make (制作), find(找到), get(搞到), cook, order (订购，点菜)

基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖt Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。

宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 名词/代词宾格 + 名词

The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词

New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语

I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式

The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.

名词/代词宾格 + 分词

I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）

1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。 2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色 3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。

4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。 5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？ 6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去

7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。

8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。 **补充：

1. call sb./sth. + n 称呼。。。为。。。：We call him John. He is called John. 他叫约翰 2. name sb./sth. + n 将。。。命名为。。。Her parents named her Kate. She is named Kate. 她名叫凯特

3. choose / elect / appoint him president (职位) make him president / a doctor

4. consider / think / find / feel / assume / believe + sb./sth (to be) + n. / adj. / prep. consider / think / find / feel / assume / believe / make+ it + n. / adj. + that clause / (for sb). to do

eg: 1) We think it our duty to educate our students. 2) I find it a pleasure to talk with a wise man.

3) They all consider it a waste of time to chat with him. 4) She felt it a great honour to be invited to the conference. 5) We assume it a shame / pity to say dirty words.

6) They believe it their obligation(义务，责任) that they should help others 7) He makes it a rule to get up early. 5. 感官动词

see / watch / look at / observe / notice / note / listen to / hear / find / feel + obj. + OC

OC: do 主动，全过程，常是短暂性动词 /doing 主动，进行 / being done 被动，进行

done 完成，被动

eg: 1) I saw two boys enter/ go into the library.

-- Two boys were seen to enter / to go into the library. 2) They heard some people quarreling. -- Some people were heard quarrelling.

3) When I approaching the room, I heard the desks being opened and closed. -- When I approaching the room, the desks were heard being opened and closed.

4) I felt my shoulder patted. – - My shoulder was felt patted.

** 当谓语动词使用被动语态时，充当补语的动词形式选择必须用还原法。将句子变成主动语态后，看其宾语补足语是什么形式。如宾补用do，在被动语态中，