初中英语语法大全及重要短语汇总-初中英语语法归纳大全

ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生I heard him call me several 不定式 times. 或已经完成 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, 过去分词 find, keep, have, feel IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 举例 主谓关系。强调动作正在进I found her listening to the radio. 行，尚未完成 动宾关系。动作已经完成，We found the village greatly changed. 多强调状态 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将I have a lot of papers to type. 不定式 来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式I have a lot of papers to be typed. 表示在谓语动词之前发生 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语the boiling water / the boiled water 词 动作同时发生 the developing country/the 过去分与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 词 谓语动作之前，现已经完成 V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例 My dream is to become a 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以teacher. 不定借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主To obey the law is important. 式 语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提(dream, business, wish, idea, 问主语或表语。 plan, duty, task做主语时常用) 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表It is no use saying that again and 动名示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也again. 词 可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位Teaching is my job. 置。 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。 分词 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式) 九．定语从句 I.

定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定

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语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词 who 先行词 从句成分 人 主语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? 备注 whom whose 关系代词 that Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working 人 宾语 The boy (whom) she loved died in the whom, whichwar.. 和that在从句I like those books whose topics are about 中做宾语时，history. 人，物 定语 常可以省略，The boy whose father works abroad is 但介词提前时my deskmate. 后面关系代词A plane is a machine that can fly. 不能省略，也主语，宾She is the pop star (that) I want to see 人，物 不可以用that 语 very much. The book (which) I gave you was worth 主语，宾$10. The picture which was about the accident 语 was terrible. which 物 as He is such a person as is respected by all 主语，宾as做宾语一般of us. 人，物 语 不省略 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 时间 地点 原因 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met 可用on which there. 可用in which when 关系where 副词 why 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned 可用for which down my offer. II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 例句 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to 1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2． 只用that的情先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, 况 no, some, few等修饰时 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4． 14

see. 先行词既指人又指物时 6.Who is the man that is making a 5． speech? 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 只用which, 2． who, whom的在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句情况 中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 III. as与which的区别： 定语从句 限制性定语从句中 区别 例句 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. He is not such a fool as he looks. 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系Don’t read such books as you can’t 代词用as,不能用which understand. as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 非限制性定语从句中 IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意The accident happened at the 限制性定语思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分time when I left. 从句 密切，写时不用逗号分开。 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分非限制性定密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，His mother, whom he loved 语从句 相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代deeply, died ten years ago. 词做宾语时也不能省略。 十．名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 在复合句中做主语，相当于名that, whether, if, Whether he will come or not 主语从词，一般置谓语之前，也可用as if, as though, doesn’t matter much. 句 Whoever comes here will be it作形式主语，主语从句放主who, whose, 15

which, how, when, where, 表语从在复合句中做表语，相当于名why, what, 句 词，位于系动词之后 whatever, 宾语从在复合句中做宾语，相当于名whoever, 句 词 wherever 句之后 放在名词之后(news, problem, 同位语idea, suggestion, advice, 从句 thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容 十一。状语从句 种类 连接词 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly where, wherever because, as, since, now that if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that so that, in order that, for fear that so…that, such…that than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more as if, as though, as though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever welcome. It looks as if it is going to snow. He asked me which team could win the game. You have no idea how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us. 注意点 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替 so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词 as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 条件状语 目的状语 结果状语 比较状语 方式状语 让步状语 as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用 十二。倒装句

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