简单句，并列句和复合句

简单句、并列句和复合句

句子种类:

按句子的用途可分四种：

1) 陈述句(肯定句、否定句) ：He is a lovely boy. She didn’t work hard before. 2) 疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句)：Do you like skating? How much is it? Is he six or seven years old? Lucy can play the piano, can’t she? 3) 祈使句：Be on time, please! Don’t arrive late for school!

4) 感叹句：How hard-working they are! What a nice girl she is! How time flies! 按句子的结构可分三种：

1) 简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语) 和一个谓语(或并列谓语) 。 He often reads English in the morning.一主语，一谓语 Tom and Mike are American boys.并列主语，一谓语

She likes writing and often writes articles for newspapers.一主语，并列谓语 简单句的五种基本句型(其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。) ① 主谓: He left.

② 主谓宾: Henry bought a dictionary. ③ 主谓双宾: My father bought me a car. ④ 主谓宾补: Tom made the baby laugh. ⑤ 主系表: He is a student. 主语: 句子说明的人或事物。

谓语: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

表语: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

宾语：1. 动作的承受者——动宾。2. 介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾。 补语：宾补，对宾语的补充。主补，对主语的补充。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词。 状语：表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。

2) 并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 You help him and he helps you.

并列句的分类

①表并列。 常用连词有and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等。 The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. He could neither read nor write.

He not only studies hard, but also likes sports. ②表选择。 常用连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。

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Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.

Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful ③表转折。 常用连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。

He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.

Tom was not there but his brother was (there). There was no news, nevertheless, she went on hoping. ④表因果，常用连词有so, for, therefore等。

August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

He hurried, for it was getting dark.

He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him

3) 复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句) 、定语从句和状语从句等。从句就是一个从句在主句中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。

1.主语从句 用作主语的从句叫作主语从句。

(1)由what, whatever, whoever等代词引导主语从句。 如: What she likes is watching the children play Whatever you have heard must be kept secret Whoever fails to pass the exam will be dismissed

(2)that引导 It is tight that you told him the truth (3)由连接副词whether, when, how, where, why引导主语从句。

如：Why the fire broke out at night remains a mystery Whether we can help you is a difficult question When the meeting will be held has not been decided (4)主语从句后移

主语从句虽然可以放在谓语的前面，但是当主语从句较长而谓 语较短时，常用代词作形式主语，而把主语从句放到句子后边。

如：It is uncertain whether he wants to go or not It turned out true that he had done nothing wrong

2. 表语从句 用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，通常由that, what, where, why, ho 等连接词引导。

(1) if, whether, that引导表语从句，有时也用as, because, as if, as though, lest引导表语从句。

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如：The question is that we must be good at learning from others. It looks as if it’s going to rain

(2) what, which, who等连接代词。

如: That is what I want to tell you The question is which of the classes we choose to be the excellent one

(3)how, when, where, why等连接副词。

如：The question is how we can help him That is why he has been late

3. 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。

及物动词的宾语

Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. 短语动词的宾语

Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 介词的宾语

I am interested in what she is doing. 否定的转移

I don't suppose you're used to this diet. 我想你不习惯这种饮食。

I don't believe she'll arrive before 8. 我相信她8点之前不会到。

4. 同位从句 一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。

I had no idea that you were here.

She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there. I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. I have no idea what he is doing now. It’s a question how he did it 5.状语从句 ①地点状语从句。

地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

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Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. ②方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。 1) as, (just) as…so…

Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2) as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作\仿佛……似的\，\好像……似的\，

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。) He looks as if (as though)he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。) It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。) ③原因状语从句

Because he is very hard-working, he passed the exam. ④目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. ⑤结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导: The boy is so young that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school ⑥条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 Let's go out for a walk unlessyou are too tired.

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