北京大学版博士生综合英语词汇教案unit5

北京大学版 博士生综合英语 Unit 5

Unit Five

Text: Crime in Cyberspace

I Words and Phrases:

1. cyberspace: all the connections between computers in

different places, considered as a real place where information, messages, pictures etc exist

---Students are discovering the endless amount of information in cyberspace.

---A hostile nation has attacked with the silent and invisible weapons of cyberspace.

---Computers can construct and manipulate areas and objects in cyberspace, too, but they do so mostly under human guidance.

---Exponentially reproducing pornographic images are populating cyberspace.

---Something similar may happen soon in the new frontier of cyberspace.

cyber: n [sing v] science of communication and control,

esp concerned with comparing human and animal brains with machines and electronic devices 控制论（对信息传递和控制的研究, 尤涉及人及动物大脑与机器及电子装置的差异）

2. trite: adj (of a phrase, an opinion, etc) not new or original,

because often used; hackneyed; commonplace （指词语/意见等）陈腐的, 老一套的, 平淡无奇的. ---Her remarks sounded trite and ill-informed.

--- I know it might sound like a trite remark, but

mothers usually know best.

---The movie's dialogue is trite and uninspired.

---I know it sounds trite, but you're so lucky to have

your son.

3. vulnerable: adj ~ to sth/sb 1 that can be hurt, wounded or

injured 能受伤害的: Young birds are very vulnerable to predators. 幼小的鸟易受食肉动物伤害. | Cyclists are more vulnerable than motorists. 骑自行车的人比开汽车的人容易受伤. | (fig 比喻) His wife's death left him feeling vulnerable and depressed. 他妻子去世后他感到六神无主十分消沉. 2 (fig 比喻) exposed to danger or attack; unprotected 暴露于危险面前的; 易受攻击的; 无防御的: vulnerable to abuse, blackmail, criticism 易受凌辱、 敲诈、 批评 | a vulnerable point in NATO's defences 北大西洋公约组织防御中的薄弱之处 | The election defeat puts the party leader in a vulnerable position. 该党落选后其领导人的地位岌岌可危.

---Children are most vulnerable to abuse within their

own home.

---Ground floor windows are particularly vulnerable

and secure locks should be fitted.

---The virus leaves sufferers vulnerable to a range of

infections.

---Wild animals are at their most vulnerable when

they are asleep.

4. harness: v 1 ~ sth to sth put a harness on (a horse, etc);

attach (a horse, etc) by a harness 给（马等）上挽具;

1

套（马等）: harness a horse to a wagon 把马套到四轮马车上. 2 control and use (a natural force) to produce electrical power, etc 控制及利用（自然界的力量）以产生电能等: harness a river, a waterfall, the sun's rays as a source of energy 利用河水、 瀑布、 太阳光作为能源.

---We can harness the power of the wind to generate

electricity.

---The Missouri River is harnessed for hydroelectric

power.

5. transcend: v (fml) 1 [Tn] be or go beyond the range of

(human experience, belief, powers of description, etc) 超出或超越（经验、 信念、描写能力等）的范围: Such matters transcend man's knowledge. 这些问题人类是无法了解的. 2 ~ sb/sth (in sth) be much better or greater than sb/sth; surpass 优于或胜过某人/某事物: She far transcends the others in beauty and intelligence. 她才貌出众.

---The desire for peace transcended political

differences.

---The beauty of her songs transcend words and

language.

transcendent: adj [通常作定语] (文, 褒) extremely great;

supreme 卓越的; 至高无上的: a writer of transcendent genius 杰出的天才作家. ---The Olympics are a transcendent event.

transcendental: adj [通常作定语] going beyond the

limits of human knowledge, experience or reason, esp in a mystical or religious way 超出人类知识、 经验或理性的（尤指有神秘或宗教色彩的）; 玄奥的; 先验的:

---Gazing at that majestic painting was for me an almost transcendental experience. 我凝视着那幅气势磅磅礴的画, 一种堪称超凡的感受油然而生. Cf 参看 empirical: adj (of knowledge) based on observation or experiment, not on theory （指知识）以观察或实验为根据的（非理论的）.

6. furtherance: the act or process of helping something

progress or be done

---Staff are encouraged to use information resources

in furtherance of their own professional interests. ---What steps will you take in furtherance of that

resolution?

7. pornography: porn n [U] (a) describing or showing

sexual acts in order to cause sexual excitement 色情描绘; 色情表演. (b) books, films, etc that do this 色情作品（书刊、 影片等）: the trade in pornography 色情作品的交易.

---It is now clear that there is a link between

pornography and sex crimes.

8. encryption:

encrypt: to protect information by putting it into a special

code that only some people can read, especially information that is on a computer

---Its other function is to take over your hard disc and

encrypt all the file directories, rendering the disc

北京大学版 博士生综合英语 Unit 5

unusable.

9. cryptography: the study of secret writing and codes

---Clearly, one advantage of public-key cryptography

is that no one can figure out the private key from the corresponding public key.

---Furthermore, public-key cryptography can be used for sender authentication, known as digital signatures.

10. piracy: n (a) [U] robbery by pirates (pirate 1a) 海盗的

掠夺. (b) [U] illegal copying or broadcasting 非法复制或广播. (c) [C] instance of either of these 非法复制或广播.

--- Instead she takes part in his piracy and gains

meaning for life, before she helps him escape.

---So the two sides talked about smuggling, piracy

and other sorts of crime.

11. forgery: n 1 [U] (crime or act of) forging (forge2 2) a

document, picture, signature, etc （文件、 画、 签字等的）伪造, 伪造罪, 伪造行为: He spent 5 years in prison for forgery. 他因伪造罪而坐了5年牢. 2 [C] document, signature, etc that has been forged 伪造的文件、 签字等: This famous painting was thought to be by Van Gogh, but it is in fact a forgery. 人们以为这是凡·高的名画, 其实是膺品.

---Further investigation showed that the so-called

\

---Special marks on the paper are intended to deter

forgery.

---The painting, believed to be by Renoir, turned out to be a very clever forgery.

forge: v [Tn] 1 (a) shape (sth) by heating it in a fire and hammering 锻造; 打铁: forge a sword, a chain, an anchor, etc 锻造剑、 铁链、 锚等. (b) (fig 比喻) create (usu a lasting relationship) by means of much hard work （靠艰苦工作）建立（通常为长期关系）: forge a bond, a link, an alliance, etc 建立同盟、 联系、 联盟等 | a friendship forged by adversity 患难中建立起来的友谊. 2 make an imitation or copy of (sth) in order to deceive people 伪造: forge a banknote, will, signature, etc 伪造钞票、 遗嘱、 签字等.

---Someone stole my credit card and forged my

signature.

---Marino obtained the drugs by forging his

doctor's signature on a prescription.

forger: n person who forges money, a document, etc 伪造（钱币、 文件等）的人.

Cf: counterfeit: n, adj (thing) made or done so that it is very similar to another thing, in order to deceive; fake 伪造的; 假冒的; 伪造物; 膺品: counterfeit money, jewels, etc 假钱币、 珠宝等 | This ten-dollar bill is a counterfeit. 这张十元钞票是伪钞.

counterfeit: v [Tn] copy or imitate (coins, handwriting, etc) in order to deceive 伪造, 仿造（钱币等）; 模仿（笔迹等）: a gang of criminals counterfeiting ten-pound notes 伪造十镑假钞票的犯罪集团. --- Police have warned stores to look out for

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counterfeit $50 bills.

---They were arrested for making counterfeit computer chips.

counterfeiter: n person who counterfeits money, etc （钱币等的）伪造者, 仿制者.

12. infringe: v 1 [Tn] (a) break (a rule, an agreement, etc)

违反, 违背（规则、 协议等）: infringe the regulations, a copyright agreement, etc 违反规则、 版权协定等. (b) interfere with (sth); violate 干涉; 干扰; 侵犯; 侵害: infringe sb's liberty, rights, etc 干扰某人的自由、 侵犯某人的权利. 2 [Ipr] ~ on/upon sth affect sth so as to limit or restrict it; encroach on 侵犯; 侵入; 侵害: infringe upon the rights of other people 侵害他人权利.

---A backup copy of a computer program does not

infringe copyright.

---They did not want the new managers to infringe on

their job as doer with primary responsibility for the task.

---Some students argued that the rule infringed on

their right to free speech.

13. falsification:

falsify: to change figures, records etc so that they contain

false information

---The file was altered to falsify the evidence.

--- A whole team was kept busy falsifying official government records.

---Mitchell joined the Navy at 16 by falsifying his birth certificate.

---Their accounts had been falsified over a long period of time false: adj

`A whale is a fish. True or false?' ｀鲸鱼是一种鱼. 对还是错?＇

false hair, teeth, etc 假发、 假牙 false modesty 假谦虚 false tears 虚伪的眼泪

a false sense of security虚假的安全感

give a false impression of great wealth 给人造成很富有的假像

false weights, scales, dice, etc 假的砝码、 天平、 色子等

false evidence 伪证

present false claims to an insurance company 向保险公司提出伪造的索赔要求

a false friend/lover 不忠实的朋友[情人]

The rumours of a petrol shortage turned out to be a false alarm. 汽油短缺的谣传原来是一场虚惊. `One false move and you're a dead man,' snarled the robber. 那强盗厉声叫道: ｀不许动, 不然就打死你.＇

(make) a false start赛跑中的抢跑

After several false starts, she became a successful journalist. 她开始时遇到几次挫折, 后来才成为能干的记者.

A false step could have cost the climbers their lives. 爬山者一失足就会丧命.

北京大学版 博士生综合英语 Unit 5

14. incendiary: adj 1 designed to set buildings, etc on fire

放火的; 纵火的: an incendiary bomb, device, attack 燃烧弹、 喷火器、 火攻. 2 tending to create public disturbances or violence 煽动的: an incendiary speech 煽动性演说.

--- The explosion seems to have been caused by an

incendiary device.

15. harass: v [Tn] 1 trouble and annoy (sb) continually 不断

打扰、 骚扰（某人）: Political dissidents complained of being harassed by the police. 持不同政见者申诉他们受到警方的不断骚扰. | He always looks harassed by constant worry. 他老是愁眉苦脸的. 2 make repeated attacks on (an enemy) 不断骚扰（敌人）.

---A number of black youths have complained of

being harassed by the police.

---One woman claimed that she had been sexually

harassed by a male manager.

harassment: n [U] harassing or being harassed 烦扰; 骚扰.

16. intrusive: adj intruding 闯入的; 侵入的; 打搅的; 侵

扰的: intrusive neighbours 打扰人的邻居 ---The photographers were pushy and intrusive.

intrude: v ~ (oneself) on/upon sb/sth; ~ (oneself/sth)

into sth (esp fml) put (oneself/sth) into a place or situation where one/it is unwelcome or unsuitable 闯入; 侵入; 打搅; 侵扰: I don't wish to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment? 我无意打扰您, 不过我可以跟您谈一会儿吗? | I felt as though I was intruding on their private grief. 他们正伤心时, 我觉得我好像骚扰了他们. | If I could intrude a note of seriousness into this frivolous conversation... 我真想说一句, 叫他们谈话放严肃些.... ---Would I be intruding if I came with you?

---Employers should not intrude into the private lives

of their employees.

---Sorry, I didn't mean to intrude. I didn't realize you

were on the phone.

17. evasion: n 1 [C, U] keeping out of the way of sb;

avoidance 躲避某人; 规避; 逃避: the burglar's evasion of the police 窃贼躲避警察 | evasion of responsibility 逃避责任 | He's been accused of tax evasion. 他被控逃税. 2 [C] statement, excuse, etc made to avoid fully answering a question （避免如实回答问题的）遁辞, 借口, 推托: His answers to my questions were nothing but clever evasions. 他回答我的问题时顾左右而言他.

---Henning went to prison on charges of tax evasion. ---Uncle Harry's style of evasion was to pretend he

didn't hear the question.

evade: v [Tn] 1 get or keep out of the way of (sb/sth) 躲开, 避开（某人[某事物]）: evade the police, an attack, an enemy 躲避警察、 袭击、 敌人. 2 find a way of not doing (sth, esp sth that legally or morally ought to be done); avoid 逃避（尤指法律或道德上的责任）: evade military service 逃避兵役 | evade capture by the police 躲避警方的追捕. 3 avoid

3

answering (a question) fully or honestly 回避如实的答覆（问题）: The policeman evaded all the difficult questions. 那警察回避了所有难以答覆的问题. ---I could tell that he was trying to evade the issue. ---You can't go on evading your responsibilities in

this way.

---Employers will always try to find ways to evade

tax.

18. vandalism: n [U] behaviour characteristic of vandals 恣

意破坏公物等的行为.

vandal: n恣意破坏艺术品、 公物、 私人财产、 自

然美景等的人: telephone vandals破坏公用电话亭的流氓.

--- Thieves and vandals are costing churches millions

of pounds each year.

vandalize/vandalise: v [尤用于被动语态] willfully

destroy or damage (eg public property) 恣意破坏（公物等）: vandalize a train compartment, public convenience, lift 故意毁坏列车车厢、 公共厕所、 电梯 | The ground-floor flats had been badly vandalized. 一楼公寓受到严重恶意破坏.

19. infrastructure: n (a) subordinate parts, installations, etc

that form the basis of a system, an organization or an enterprise (eg of an army) （组成一制度、 企业或组织如军队的）基础结构, 基础设施. (b) (economics 经) stock of fixed capital equipment in a country (eg roads, railways, power-stations, water supply, etc) 基础设施, 基础结构（国家的固定基本设备, 如公路、 铁路、 发电站、 供水装置等） ---Some countries lack a suitable economic

infrastructure.

---So, some aspects of the technical infrastructure for

electronic commerce are already in place.

20. vindictive: adj having or showing a desire for revenge;

unforgiving 怀有或显示报复心的; 不宽恕的: vindictive people, acts, urges, comments 企图报复的人们/行为/心情/评语.| a bitter and vindictive old man

---\

It doesn't help anyone.''

---After the divorce Joan's ex-husband became increasingly vindictive.

vindictiveness: n [U]: He withheld the letter out of sheer

vindictiveness. 他扣下那封信纯粹是出于报复心理.

21. fraudulent: adj 1 deceitful or dishonest 欺骗的; 诈骗

的; 不诚实的; 不老实的: a fraudulent display of sympathy 假惺惺的同情. 2 obtained or done by fraud; involving fraud 骗得的; 骗来的; 涉及欺骗的: fraudulent applications for shares in the new company 以欺骗手段申请新公司的股票.

---He was accused of fraudulently using a stolen

credit card.

---She entered the country using a fraudulent

passport.

fraud: n 1 [C, U] (act of) deceiving sb illegally in order

北京大学版 博士生综合英语 Unit 5

to make money or obtain goods 欺骗（行为）; 诈骗: found guilty of fraud 被裁定诈骗罪成立 | Thousands of frauds are committed every year. 每年有数以千计的诈骗案. 2 [C] person who deceives others by pretending to have abilities, skills, etc that he does not really have; impostor 骗子; 冒名顶替者: This woman is a fraud she has no medical qualifications at all. 这女人是个骗子--她根本没有行医的资格.

---Landale is calling for more laws to protect

consumers against fraud.

---Big losses due to theft and fraud forced the

company to close.

22. solicitation: the act of asking someone for money, help,

or information

solicit: v 1 ~ sb for sth; ~ sth from sb (fml) ask (sb) for

(eg money, help, votes) earnestly; try to obtain (sth) 恳求（某人）给予（钱、 帮助等）; 向（某人）拉（选票）; 设法获得（某事物）: solicit sb for money/solicit money from sb 向某人要钱 | solicit information about the new motorway 探询新的高速公路的情况 | Both candidates solicited my opinion. 两位候选人都来向我征求意见. 2 [I, Tn] (of a prostitute) make a sexual offer (to sb), esp in a public place （指妓女）拉（客）（尤指在公共场所）: She was fined for soliciting. 她因拉客而被罚款.

---Morgan is accused of illegally soliciting campaign

contributions.

---The governor sent two officials to Mexico City to

solicit aid from the President.

23. bogus: adj not genuine; false 伪造的; 假的:

a bogus passport/ doctor/claim 伪造的护照/冒充的医生/冒领. 同义词: false

---The child was taken away from her parents by a

bogus social worker.

---There has been a spate of incidents where bogus officials have called on the homes of elderly people.

24. unscrupulous: adj without moral principles 无道德原则

的; 不讲道德的: unscrupulous methods, behavior 不道德的方法、 行为 | He was utterly unscrupulous in his dealings with rival firms. 他与对立公司竞争完全不讲道德.

--- Isn't it time we did something to protect the

elderly from unscrupulous business people?

---Morgan admitted that some of his actions may have been unscrupulous, but he denied doing anything illegal.

scrupulous: adj 1 extremely careful and thorough;

paying great attention to details 极仔细彻底的; 一丝不苟的: a scrupulous examiner 认真仔细的检查员 | a scrupulous inspection of the firm's accounts 对公司的帐目彻底审核. 2 ~ in/about (doing) sth careful not to do wrong; absolutely honest 审慎的; 极诚实的: scrupulous in all her business dealings （她）对所有交易都十分老实 | behave with scrupulous honesty 表现极为正直.

---The organization will be scrupulous in maintaining

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the highest moral standards.

---Scrupulous cleanliness is necessary when

preparing food in a restaurant.

---The finance department is always scrupulous about

their bookkeeping.

---The investigation was carried out with scrupulous fairness.

---This job requires scrupulous attention to detail.

25. unwitting: adj [作定语] (fml 文) 1 not knowing or

aware 不知道的; 未察觉的; 未意识到的: an unwitting carrier of stolen goods 不知就里而携赃物的人. 2 not intentional 无意的; 非故意的; 不知不觉的: my unwitting interruption of their private conversation我无意中打断他们的私下谈话.

---Laura unwittingly threw away the winning lottery

ticket.

26. eavesdrop: v [I, Ipr] (-pp-) ~ on sb/sth listen

secretly to a private conversation 偷听（私人谈话）: eavesdropping on the discussion/her parents偷听讨论/偷听她父母谈话.

--- How did you know I was going? You've been

eavesdropping, haven't you!

---I caught him eavesdropping on our conversation. ---Sue was able to eavesdrop on them through the open window.

Cf: overhear: v hear (sb, a conversation, etc) without the

knowledge of the speaker(s); hear by chance 偷听到（某人说话、 谈话等）; 无意中听到: I overheard their argument/them. 我偷听到他们争论/说话. | I overheard them quarrelling. 我无意中听到他们吵架. | I overheard him say/saying he was going to France. 我偶然听到他说他要到法国去.

eaves: n [pl]屋檐: birds nesting under the eaves 在屋檐

下筑巢的鸟.

27. surveillance: n [U] careful watch kept on sb

suspected of doing wrong （对涉嫌者的）监视: The police are keeping the suspects under round-the-clock surveillance. 警方对疑犯昼夜监视.

---They were under constant close surveillance day

and night.

---The suspects were kept under surveillance.

---Banks are installing surveillance cameras to prevent robberies.

28. proliferation: n 1 [U] proliferating or being proliferated

（迅速的）繁殖; 增殖; 增生: [作定语] a nuclear non-proliferation treat 禁止核扩散条约. 2 [通常作单数] rapid growth or increase 迅速的繁殖或增长. ---Future advances in technology may disclose other,

more sensitive markers of cell proliferation whose predictive accuracy is greater.

---Malignant melanoma of the skin is caused by cancerous proliferation of melanocytes.

---Shortening product life cycles and rapid product proliferation mean that investment in innovation is critical in global competition.

proliferate: v 1 [I] produce new growth or offspring