研一英语翻译（1-4单元）双语

1

Leisure activities in the UK

Leisure activities in earlier centuries were largely conditioned by the rural and agricultural nature of British life. Village communities were isolated and transport was either poor or non-existent. People were consequently restricted to their villages and obliged to create their own entertainments. Some of the activities were home-based, while others were enjoyed by the whole village. These might be added to by itinerant players, who traveled the countryside and provided a range of alternative spectator entertainments.

Improved transportation and road conditions from the eighteenth century onwards enabled the rural population to travel to neighboring towns where they took advantage of a variety of amusements. Spectator activities increased with the industrialization of the nineteenth century, as theatres, music halls and sports developed and became available to more people. The establishment of railway systems and the formation of bus companies initiated the pattern of cheap one-day trips around the country and to the seaside, which were to grow into the mass charter and package tours of contemporary Britain. The arrival of radio, film and television in the twentieth century resulted in a further huge professional entertainment industry. In all these changes, the mixture of participatory, spectator and home-based leisure activities has continued. Many contemporary pursuits have their roots in the cultural and social behavior of the past, such as boxing, wrestling, cricket, football, and a wide range of athletic sports. Dancing, amateur theatre and musical events were essential parts of rural life, and were often associated with the changing agricultural seasons. The traditions of hunting, shooting and fishing have long been practiced in British country life, in addition to a number of blood sports, such as dog and cock fighting and bear baiting, which are now illegal.

There is a wide variety of sports in Britain today, which cater for large numbers of spectators and participators. Some of these are minority sports, while others appeal to majority tastes. Amateur and professional football/soccer is played throughout most of the year, and also at international level. The professional game has developed into a large family-oriented spectator sport, but has suffered in recent years from hooliganism, declining attendances and financial crises. Rugby football is a popular winter pastime, and is divided into two types. Rugby Union is confined to amateur clubs, while Rugby League is played by professional teams, mainly in the north of England. Both types of rugby are also played internationally. Cricket is a summer sport in Britain, but the England team also plays in the winter months in the Commonwealth countries. It is both an amateur and professional sport. The senior game is now mainly professional and is largely confined to the English and Welsh countrysides which play in the country championships.

There are many other sports which reflect the diversity of interests in British life. Among these are golf, horse racing, hunting, riding, fishing, shooting, tennis, hockey, bowls, darts, snooker, athletics, swimming, sailing, mountaineering, walking, ice sports, motor-car and motor-cycle racing, and rally driving. American football and basketball are increasingly popular due to television exposure.

The sporting notion of “a healthy mind in a healthy body” has long been a principle of British education. All schools are supposed to provide physical recreation, and a reasonable range of sports is usually available to school children. Schools may play soccer, rugby, hockey or netball during the summer. Some schools may be better provided with sporting facilities than others, and offer a wider range of sports. However, there have been recent complaints from parents that team games and competitive sports are declining in state schools. School reorganization and the creation of large comprehensives have reduced the amount of inter-school competition, which used to be a feature of education; some left-wing councils are apparently opposed to competitive expression; there is a shortage of playing fields; and a lack of adequate equipment. The position is particularly acute in the inner city areas, and is of concern to those parents who feel that their children are being prevented from expressing their normal physical natures. They maintain that the state school system is failing to provide sporting provision for children, and some parents turn to the independent sector, which is usually well-provided with sports facilities. The “arts” once had a somewhat precious and exclusive image associated with notions of high culture, which were usually the province of the middle and upper classes. The growth of mass and popular culture has increased the potential audience for a wider range of cultural activities, and the availability and scope of the arts has spread to greater numbers of people. Pop concerts, folk and ethnic music, and youth culture pastimes occupy a considerable amount of young people’s leisure time, as well as contributing to trade, exports and the British image nationally and internationally. These activities may be amateur or professional and continue the mixture of participatory, spectator and home-based entertainment.

There is a wide range of museums and art galleries in Britain, which provide for a variety of tastes. In the past, entry to most of the public museums was free of charge, but in recent years entrance fees have been charged by some institutions. This development has led to less accessibility to national educational and cultural heritage, which should be available to all without charge. But museums and art galleries are also finding it difficult to operate with limited funds, and are dependent on local government grants and Arts Council subsidies.

In addition to these cultural and sporting pastimes, the British enjoy a variety of other leisure activities. More people have more free time, which results from a 35-40 hour working week, and more diversified opportunities are now available.

Do-it-yourself hobbies, such as house painting, decorating and gardening, are very popular, as are going out for meals and visiting the pub. The pub, as an institution, has changed groups and tastes. The licensing hours, which apply to open times for the sale of alcohol, have been liberalized by the government to bring England and Wales into line with Scotland. But in recent years, the establishment of wine bars, various forms of clubs, discotheques and dance halls has meant a considerable amount of competition for the traditional pubs.

Holidays and where to spend them have become an important part of British life, accompanied by more leisure time and money for the majority of the people. Many people prefer to organize their own holidays and make use of the good air and sea

communications between Britain and the continent. In Britain itself exist different forms of holiday, from the traditional “Bed& Breakfast” at a seaside boarding house, to hotels, caravan sites and camping. Increased car ownership has allowed greater travel possibilities. Today, more than three-fifths of households have the use of at least one car, and 16 percent have two or more.

A public opinion poll in 1990 showed that Britain’s cultural life was thriving, and that a large number of people participated in a variety of available pastimes. We can report that the nation is in no telly-induced trance. Its tastes mix watching and doing, “high” and “low” cultures, with a richness that contradicts the stereotypes of the British as divided between mindless lager louts and equally money-grubbing consumers. The mix we have found will not please everybody. Not enough football for some, not enough opera for others. But that is what we should expect in the culture of a whole nation.

在英国休闲活动

在早期世纪的休闲活动主要条件由英国生活的农村和农业的性质。村社分离和运输是很差或者不存在。人们因此限制在自己的村庄，不得不打造自己的娱乐。有些活动是家庭为基础的，而另一些是由全村享受。这些可能会被添加到由流动的球员，谁前往乡村，并提供一系列的另类观众娱乐。

从十八世纪改善交通和道路状况开始启用农村人口前往邻近城镇，他们采取了各种娱乐活动的优势。观众活动增加与十九世纪的工业化，剧院，音乐厅和发展体育，成为提供给更多的人。铁路系统的建立和巴士公司的发起组建的全国各地，并在海边，这是成长为当代英国的质量和包机旅行团便宜的一日游格局。广播，电影和电视在二十世纪的到来导致进一步的庞大的专业娱乐行业。在所有这些变化，参与性，观赏性和以家庭为基础的休闲活动混合物继续。

许多当代的追求有自己过去的文化和社会行为的根源，如拳击，摔跤，板球，足球，和广泛的竞技体育。跳舞，业余戏剧和音乐事件是农村生活的重要部分，并常常与不断变化的农业季节有关。狩猎，射击和钓鱼的传统早已实行的英国乡村生活，除了一些血液运动，如狗，斗鸡以及熊引诱，这是现在非法的。

有各种各样的英国体育的今天，这迎合了大批观众和参与者的。其中有些是少数人的运动，而另一些吸引广大的口味。专业和业余足球/足球是发挥各地最多的一年，也是在国际一级。专业的游戏已经发展成为一个庞大的家族化的体育比赛，但近年来，从流氓行为，上座率下滑和金融危机受到了影响。橄榄球是一种流行的冬季消遣，并分为两种类型。英式橄榄球联盟仅限于业余俱乐部，而英式橄榄球联赛是由专业的团队发挥，主要是在英格兰北部。有两种类型的橄榄球也打国际。板球是夏季运动在英国，但英格兰队也发挥在冬季，在英联邦国家。它既是一个专业和业余体育。资深游戏现在主要是专业和主要局限在英格兰和威尔士乡村共同在全国锦标赛从而发挥。

还有许多其他的运动，反映在英国生活利益的多样性。其中包括高尔夫球，赛马，狩猎，骑马，钓鱼，射击，网球，曲棍球，保龄球，飞镖，桌球，田径，游泳，帆船，登山，散步，冰上运动，动车及电单车赛车，拉力赛和驾驶。美式足球和篮球越来越流行，由于电视台曝光。

对“一个健康的精神寓于健康的身体”的运动理念一直是英国教育的原则。所有学校都应该提供体育活动，并在合理的范围内运动通常是提供给学校的孩子们。学校可在暑假期间踢足

球，橄榄球，曲棍球和投球。有些学校可能会比其他体育设施更好的提供，提供更广泛的运动。不过，已经有来自父母的团队游戏和竞技体育正在下降公立学校最近的投诉。学校重组，创建大型comprehensives已经减少了校际竞争，这曾经是教育的一个特征量;一些左翼议会显然反对竞争性的表达;有玩场不足;和缺乏足够的设备。该位置是内城地区尤其严重，并关注那些父母谁觉得自己的孩子正在从表达自己的正常物理性质防止。他们认为，公立学校系统未能提供运动为儿童提供，有的家长求助于独立部门，通常是很好配备体育设施。

在“艺术”曾经与高雅文化的概念，这是一般的中上层阶级省相关几分珍贵和独特的形象。大众和大众文化的发展，增加了潜在的受众更广泛的文化活动和艺术的可用性和范围已经蔓延到更多的人。流行音乐会，民谣和民族音乐和青年文化消遣占据了相当数量的年轻人的休闲时间，以及国内和国际上促进贸易，出口和英国的形象。这些活动可能是业余或专业，并继续参与性，观赏性和家庭为基础的娱乐混合物。

有各种各样的博物馆和艺术画廊在英国，提供适合各种口味。在过去，进入大部分的公共博物馆是免费的，但近年来门票费已收取的部分机构。这种发展导致了无障碍民族教育和文化底蕴不足，这应该是适用于所有不收取任何费用。不过，博物馆和艺术画廊也发现很难用有限的资金运作，并依赖于地方政府的补助和艺术委员会补贴。

除了这些文化和体育娱乐活动，英国享受其他各种休闲活动。更多的人有更多的自由时间，这将导致从35-40小时工作周，和更多元化的机会，现已。

做它自己的兴趣爱好，如油漆，装饰和园艺，都非常受欢迎，因为是外出吃饭和逛酒吧。酒吧，作为一个机构，改变了团体和口味。发牌时间，适用于开放时间为酒精销售，已经放开由政府把英格兰和威尔士与苏格兰线。但近年来，建立了酒吧，各种形式的俱乐部，迪斯科舞厅和歌舞厅，意味着相当数量的传统酒吧的竞争。 假期和在那里度过他们已经成为英国的生活，伴随着更多的休闲时间和金钱，为广大人民群众的重要组成部分。很多人喜欢组织自己的节日和利用英国与欧洲大陆之间的良好的空中和海上通信。在英国自己在海边招待所存在不同形式的节日，从传统的“床和早餐”，为酒店，房车站点和露营。增加的汽车保有量已经允许更多的旅游机会。今天，超过五分之三的家庭拥有的使用的至少一个车，和16％的具有两个或更多。

一项民意调查中显示，1990年，英国的文化生活却一枝独秀，并有大量的人参加了各种可用的消遣。我们可以报告说，国家是没有的电视机引起的精神恍惚。它的口味组合看，做，“高”和“低”的文化，具有丰富违背了英国的刻板印象盲目啤酒劳斯，同样的钱，筹钱消费者之间的分歧。我们发现将无法取悦每一个人的组合。没有足够的足球一些，没有足够的戏给别人。但是，这是我们应该期待在全民族的文化。 2

Higher Education in developing countries

Higher education institutions clearly need well-designed academic programs and a clear mission. Most important to their success, however, are high-quality faculty, committed and well-prepared students, and sufficient resources. Despite notable exceptions, most higher education institutions in developing countries suffer severe deficiencies in each of these areas. As a result, few perform to a consistently high standard.

Faculty Quality

A well-quality and highly motivated faculty is critical to the quality of higher education institutions. Unfortunately, even at flagship universities in developing countries, many faculty members have little, if any, graduate level training. This limits