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去的特定动作,与被修饰词之间可能存在主谓关系,动宾关系(介宾关系),同位关系等。
例如:He's always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)
他总是第一个来,最后一个走。
Madame Curie was the first physicist to discover the element radium.(主谓关系)
居里夫人是第一个发现镭元素的物理学家。
He is the only one to jump that high in our class.(主谓关系) 他是我们班里唯一能跳过那个高度的人。 There are always new problems vo solve.(动宾关系) 总是有新问题需要解决。
There is nobody to take care of here.(动宾关系) 这儿没有人需要照顾。
The soldiers got the order to start out at once.(同位关系) 战士们接到了立即出发的命令。
There are many books to choose from.(介宾关系) 有许多书可供从中选择。
动名词作定语,说明被修饰词的性质或用途。 a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 一个游泳池 reading materials = materials for reading 阅读材料 drinking water = water for drinking 饮用水 a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping 一个睡袋 a fishing pole = a pole for fishing 一根钓鱼竿
现在分词作定语与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,或表示一个主动动作正在进行,相当于一个定语从句。
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例如:a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping
一个熟睡的男孩
the man sitting by the window = the man who is sitting by the window
坐在窗口的那个人
the workers working in this factory = the workers who work in this factory
在这个工厂工作的工人
过去分词作定语,表示其动作发生在谓语动词之前,及物动词的过去分词除表示完成意义之外,还表示被动,有些过去分词表示动作没有时间性,只表示被动。
the changed world 变化了的世界
the road covered with snow 冰雪覆盖的道路 a book written by Luxun 鲁迅写的书 a man loved by all 一个受到大家爱戴的人
falling leaves(正在落下的叶子) fallen leaves(落叶) boiling water(正在煮沸的水) boiled water(开过的水) a developing country(发展中国家) a developed country(发达国家)
有一类动词(如excite, puzzle, inspire, frighten等)的现在分词和过去分词均可作定语,现在分词表人或物的性质特征意为“令人??”,过去分词表人的心理状态或情感变化,意为“感到??”。 例如:the exciting news 激动人心的消息
the excited children 激动的孩子们 the puzzling problem 令人困惑的问题
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the puzzled students 感到困惑的学生 the frightening snake 令人害怕的蛇 the frightened girl 感到害怕的女孩儿 the disappointing result 令人失望的结果 the disappointed people 感到失望的人们
看下面一组不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语的例子: to be built next month being built now built last month
The houses are for the doctors. 下个月要建的
现在正在建的 那些房子是给医生们的。 上个月建起的
不定式的被动式表被动动作将要发生,现在分词的被动式表被动动作正在进行,过去分词(及物动词)表被动动作已经完成。
5、不定式、分词作状语
不定式作状语表示目的、结果或原因;分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果,方式或伴随情况。
(1)不定式作状语常表示行为的目的、结果或原因。
To improve your English you have to keep reading for at least half an 例如:hour every day.
为了提高你的英语水平,你每天至少坚持读半个小时英语。 The bus stoppod to pick up the passengers.(目的) 汽车停下来搭载乘客。
Many people went to California to search for gold.(目的)
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许多人到加利福尼亚去寻找黄金。 He's too tired to walk any further.(结果) 他累得走不动了。
The boy is not old enough to go to school.(结果) 那个男孩还没到上学年令。
He woke to find himself in hospital.(结果) 他醒来发现自己躺在医院里。
He returned to find his hometown completely changed . 他回来发现家乡全变了。(结果) What have I said to make you so angry ? 我说什么了使你这么生气?(结果) I was delighted to meet him .(原因) 见到他我非常高兴。
We jumped with joy to hear the news.(原因) 听到那个消息,我们高兴地跳起来。
(2)分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
例如:Turning on the light (=when he tunned on the light),he was surprised to see his son lying on the floor.
他打开灯,惊讶地看见儿子躺在地上。
Seen from a distance ,the mountain looks like an elephant. (=when (if) it is seen from a dustance) 从远处看,这座山像一头象。
Hearing the noise (= when they heard the noise ),they immediately stopped talking .(时间)
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