父亲对儿童性别发展的影响摘要

父亲对儿童性别发展发展的影响

1. 作者张积家 烟台师范学院

儿童的性别意识什么时候产生?如何发展?是发展心理学家和性别差异心理学家共同关心的课题。在儿童性别意识的发展过程中,儿童的性别自认和性别偏好是性别意识发展的重要方面。一般认为儿童性别自认(即知道自己的性别)的开始年龄是3岁。

2. 作者：王恩国； 郭明印

性别角色发展是儿童社会化发展的一个重要方面,性别角色发展包括性别概念和性别角色知识的发展两个方面。早期家庭教育、角色游戏、学校教育以及大众传媒对儿童性别角色发展有重要影响。

3. 作者：沈雪松； 王禹霏

现在越来越多的父母都非常关心和重视孩子青春期的性教育,但却往往忽略孩子在儿童时期的性别意识培养。儿童性别意识的培养是多方因素互相综合而成的结果,包括家庭教育、学校教育、社会教育等等,其中在儿童性别意识形成的早期,家庭教育有着尤为重要的影响。因此,本文从家庭教育下培养性别意识的必要性出发,阐述了儿童性别养成的重要性,从外在形象、内在素养及激励强化三个角度探讨了在家庭教育模式下对儿童性别意识养成的培养

4. 作者：李雪平； 黄鸿；西华师范大学四川省教育发展研究中心；

父亲参与对儿童性别角色的形成有非常重要的影响。他们通过角色期待、抚养方式、游戏互动等渠道,影响儿童性别角色的认同、性别角色的稳定性和性别角色恒常性的形成。同时,也影响儿童自我概念以及未来婚姻观和社会归属感等性别角色内容的发展。因此,应该努力通过营造良好的家庭氛围、增加陪伴互动时间、利用社会支持等手段,促进儿童性别角色的正确形成。

5. 作者：李泽志； 袁妮；

亲子关系是家庭中最基本和最重要的关系。在我国传统观念“男主外,女住内”的思想和现代社会激烈竞争影响下,很多父亲“淡出”家庭教育,认为母亲是孩子的主要抚养者,在亲子关系中起着主要的作用。实际上父亲在亲子关系中同样起重要的作用,对孩子的性别角色发展和社会性发展有着比母亲更为重要的影响作用,而且是母亲所不能替代的。

6. 作者:Leslie D. Leve, Beverly I. Fagot

Parental discipline and gender-role socialization are two interrelated normative processes that may be affected by family structure, parent gender, and child gender. To investigate these family processes and how they may differ depending on family composition, three groups of families (approximately 90% Caucasian) with 5-year-old children were studied: 67 two-parent families, 32 single-mother families, and 13 single-father families. In the two-parent families, mothers were focused on in 33 of the families and fathers were focused on in 34 of the families. Overall, gender-role socialization processes

were affected by family structure and parent gender: Single-parent families and mothers had less traditional gender-role socialization than two-parent families and fathers. Family discipline processes were also affected by family structure, as single-parent families reported more positive behavior from their children and reported using more problem-solving strategies. Regardless of family structure, parents used different discipline strategies depending on the gender of parent and child. No evidence was found to suggest that gender-role socialization mediated the discipline process.

7. 作者：朱淑贞；福建师范大学

父亲缺失对儿童性别发展的影响：本研究通过对父亲缺失与父亲未缺失儿童的性别角色、自尊和生活满意度的比较,来探讨父亲缺失以及缺失的各个类型对儿童心理发展的影响。采用问卷法,以福州市和莆田市的两所市区小学和三所农村小学的三到六年级学生中的386名父亲缺失儿童为研究对象,以这五所学校的294名父亲未缺失儿童为参照对象进行研究,采用自编的儿童父亲缺失状况问卷、自编的性别角色问卷、魏运华编制的儿童自尊量表(CSES)和张兴贵编制的生活满意度量表进行调查,将父亲未缺失儿童与父亲缺失的各类型儿童的性别角色发展、自尊和生活满意度进行对比,探讨父亲缺失对儿童性别角色、自尊和生活满意度的影响。研究结果显示：(1)小学儿童的性别角色发展受父亲缺失的影响,父亲未缺失的男孩同性气质和异性气质发展比父亲缺失的男孩要好,父亲未缺失的女孩女性气质发展比父亲缺失的女孩好。(2)父亲缺失的儿童在自尊的各个维度上都显著低于父亲未缺失的儿童。不同类型的父亲缺失对儿童的自尊的不同维度

影响不同。(3)在生活满意度上,父亲缺失儿童的得分显著低于父亲未缺失儿童。不同类型的父亲缺失对儿童生活满意度的影响不同。

8. 作者：Jelani Mandara, Carolyn B. Murray, Toya N. Joyner

Gender role development was assessed in 52 father-absent and 54 father-present African American adolescents. Father-present boys, especially those from lower-income backgrounds, had higher perceptions of their masculinity than did father-absent boys. Lower income father-absent girls perceived themselves to be higher in masculinity than did all other girls. Consequently, father-present adolescents tended to have more traditional gender role orientations than did those in father-absent homes. It is argued that mothers' and fathers' different socializing strategies balance out in two-parent homes. However, in father-absent homes, mothers' tendency to rely on and pressure their daughters fosters relatively more masculine girls, whereas a lack of father socialization fosters less masculine boys. Implications for theory and future research are also discussed.

9. Father's Impact on Son's Gender Role Identity 作者 Jouko Huttunen

The study investigates the similarities between the gender role identities of 12 year‐old boys and their fathers. An attempt was also made to determine the influence of father‐son interaction on the specific nature of these