圣经寺建筑形制及壁画艺术 - 图文

辽北藏式佛庙圣经寺建筑形制及壁画艺术

汝军红1

（沈阳建筑大学建筑与规划学院，辽宁沈阳，110168）

摘要：论文详尽考述了圣经寺的始建时间、创建人及其盛衰过程，通过对藏传佛教寺庙的整体布局和内部空间组织的分析,阐述了圣经寺建筑形制特征与它所折现出的独特宗教文化,以期对东部藏传佛教寺庙建筑研究提供一些有益的探讨。 关键词:东部蒙古;藏传佛教;圣经寺

The Tibetan Buddhist Temple of Northern Liaoning Bible Temple system and Mural Art

Ru Junhong

(Shenyang Jianzhu university , in Shenyang, Liaoning province, 110168)

Abstract: this paper detailed on the built time, founder of the temple and its process of ups and downs, through to the overall layout and the analysis of the internal space organization of Tibetan Buddhist temple, this paper expounds the bible temple

architectural form characteristics and it shows the unique religious culture, expect provides some beneficial discussion to the eastern Tibetan Buddhism temple architecture research. Key words: The eastern Mongolia; Tibetan Buddhism; The bible temple

前言

藏式建筑按功能主要有宫殿建筑、寺庙建筑、城堡建筑、庄园建筑和民居建筑以及园林建筑等种类，寺庙建筑主要有集会大殿、佛堂、护法神殿、辨经场和僧舍等类型。藏式建筑的结构形式主要有夯土建筑、石砌建筑、木构建筑等。 Foreword

According to the function, Tibetan architecture mainly have palace buildings, temples, castle, manor buildings and residential buildings and landscape architecture and other types, temple architecture mainly include assembly hall, family hall for worshipping the Buddha, discussing the Buddhist scriptures field and the residence of monk, etc. The structure of Tibetan architecture mainly has rammed earth construction, stone building, wooden structure, etc.

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作者简介：汝军红（1972~），男，沈阳建筑大学建筑与规划学院博士、副教授，硕士研究生

导师。联系电话：13238892399，Email:jun-hong-ru@163.com.

藏式寺庙建筑的历史可以追溯到第八代甲赤赞布时期。据文献记载：甲赤赞布居住在―雍布拉卡尔‖宫堡，当时是佛教传入西藏的初期，把从印度传来的佛经和法器供奉在最高处的殿堂里，以示尊重，这应是藏式寺庙内部空间格局的雏形

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。

The history of the Tibetan temple building is very long. The initial stage of Buddhism in Tibet, in order to show respect, put the Buddhist scriptures and multiplier which come from India on the top of the temple, this is the prototype of Tibetan temple internal spatial pattern.

755年赤松德赞继位，藏王十分崇敬佛教，派专使去印度，迎请静海法师和莲花大师，全力扶持佛教、大兴土木、创建寺庙。在这一时期建造的桑耶寺中，创造出以大殿（象征须尼山）为中心，其他殿堂（象征四大州和八小州）围绕中心的平面布局形式。这不仅是西藏历史上第一座寺庙,而且它独特的创意、优美的造型、庞大的规模都达到了寺庙建筑的最高境界。

In the year of 775, the new Tibetan king admires the Buddhism, sent

emissaries to India to invited Buddhist masters, and fully supported Buddhism, building, created temples. The Sangye temple built during this period, it

created a layout forms which as the center of the hall, other halls around the center. This is not only the first Buddhist temple in Tibetan history, and its unique creative, beautiful modeling, large scale has all reached the highest realm of temple architecture.

碉房式建筑是藏传佛教寺庙所特有的建筑形式，随着宗教的传播，建筑作为意识的物质外壳，也同藏传佛教一起传播到其他地区，大约在17世纪传入东北。圣经寺就是这一时期宗教传播的产物，也是辽宁地区唯一保存的藏式佛寺建筑，具有重要的历史、科学和艺术价值。（图1建筑现状图）。

The towers room style building is unique architectural form of Tibetan Buddhism temple, with the spread of religion, building as the material shell of consciousness, with Tibetan Buddhism spread to other areas, about in the 17th century was introduced into the northeast. The Bible temple is the product of religion spread during this period, it’s also the only preservation of Tibetan Buddhist temple construction in Liaoning area. (Figure 1 The construction diagram)

2 木雅.曲吉建才.藏式建筑的历史发展、种类分析及结构特征。

1、历史沿革

圣经寺，位于辽宁省彰武县大四家子乡扎兰营子村，最初因地而得名―扎兰庙‖。西藏文名字叫bkra-shis dpal-idan dgav-idan phyogs-las rnam-par rgyal-pavi dkra-shis bstan khyil gling(―吉祥具德具喜一切方域殊胜的吉祥教法盘绕洲‖书于正殿大门顶端)3。这是一座清代蒙古藏传佛教寺院,即喇嘛庙。在清朝, 这里曾是内蒙古哲里木盟科尔沁左翼前旗的地界（即扎萨克多罗宾图郡王的游牧地）。4

新修《彰武县志》说： ―圣经寺蒙古族喇嘛教寺庙，坐落在大四家子乡扎兰营子村。始建于清道光二十一年（1841年）。创建人一世喇嘛包·甘曹扎兰毕（朝阳人）秉承施主宾图郡王旨意，奔走四方，募化金钱建成。占地二万余平方米，寺庙建筑风格局部仿西藏布达拉宫‖。

清光绪二十七年（1901）,二世喇嘛包·甘曹图格杰收藏大量藏文经卷而改称圣经寺。5如今圣经寺只存大殿和大院门外的一对石狮子,其他建筑都是1950年代以来陆续拆毁的。1988年，圣经寺被列为辽宁省文物保护单位。

1. Historic Evolution

The Bible temple, located in Liaoning province, this is a Mongolia Tibetan Buddhist monastery in the Qing dynasty. In 1901, because this temple collected large of Tibetan books ,so changed its name as Bible temple .Now the temple only have the hall and a pair of stone lions outside the door, other buildings are broken down in succession since the 1950 s. In 1988, the Bible temple was listed as cultural relics protection units in Liaoning province

2、寺院布局与大殿建筑

2. The temple layout and the hall building

The bible temple is square, covers an area of more than twenty thousa

3 李勤璞.圣经寺壁画初考.美苑4 1949

p58~61

年3月这个旗由东北行政委员会撤销。自此大四家子乡归彰武县管辖。黄文升主编《彰武史话》（彰

年12月）P340.参考

武镇。1986年10月第一版），（科尔沁左翼前旗事略），P337-338.

5 彰武县志编纂委员会：《彰武县志》（彰武镇：彰武县志编纂委员会办公室。1988

辽宁省彰武县人民政府编《彰武县地名志》。P286；黄文升主编《彰武史话》，P293.

nd square meters, grand scale. The temple total plane layout is as the center of three layers of Tibetan hall, after the hall is Maitreya Buddha hall, Buddha hall around two pagodas, before the hall have a pavilion, Guandi temple right front. The gate is three rooms temple, outside the courtyard, arranged a pair of stone lions on both sides of the door (existing).The overall layout is in accordance with eastern Mongolia general Tibetan Buddhist monastery, layout is in neat formation, space order clear, this is typical Tibetan monasteries layout.

圣经寺坐落于扎兰乡政府北侧，寺院呈正方形，占地共两万多平方米，规模宏大。根据1942年伪满《满洲古迹古物名胜天然纪念物汇编》和新编县志记载6

，寺庙总平面布局以三层藏式大殿为中心，大殿后侧布置弥勒佛殿，佛殿左右布置佛塔两座，大殿前建有转经亭，右前布置关帝庙。山门为三间天王殿，院外大门两侧布置石狮子一对（现存）。总体布局与东部蒙古一般藏传佛教寺院一致（图2总平面图），整体布局严整，空间序列明确，这是典型的藏传寺庙布局。

Main hall is also called ―Dajingtang‖, it’s a square and three layers pavilion building. Cornerstone 31.56 meters long, 22.15 meters wide, 1.3 meters high, loft is 21.75 meters tall. First and second floor is flat roof, third layer’s back is sloping roof. Temple hall entrance porch and all around walls are painted murals, more basic preserved up to now.

正殿也称―措钦都纲‖，又称―大经堂‖，方形三层楼阁式建筑，基石长31.56米，宽22.15米，高1.3米，阁楼高21.75米。一层二层为平顶，三层后部为坡顶宫殿式建筑。大殿入口门廊和殿内四周墙壁有彩绘壁画多幅,至今保存基本完好。

Main hall was built on Elevation stand, five rooms in crosswise, two rooms in lengthways, double row stone columns, and with drawing and pattern on the columns, Tibetan decorative feature. The front is two layers, on the left side of the porch the is equipped with the stairs, the left and right sides of the gatehouse first layer opening the window, second layer decorated with white small logs, Build a box, inscribed yellow circle, draw on Buddhism pattern. Through the porch and scripture hall, arrive the Buddha hall. The scripture hall is in the middle, two layers, four rooms, four row columns, all decorated carving and drawing. The last Buddha hall, three layers, one room in lengthways and have narthex. Scripture hall and Buddha-hall opened a small window on both sides, outdoor light through the thick walls according to the indoor, make it full of mysterious religious atmosphere. In structure, wooden beams and wall joint bearing. The wall is very heavy, give the sense with thick and serious. The overall

6 （伪满）民生部厚生司教化科编印（序于康德八年（1941）十月）：《满洲古迹古物名胜天然纪念物汇编》

（新京，1942年7月20日），P228.