2015年上海中考时态和被动语态考点详解

上海中考时态和被动语态考点详解 过去 进行 完成 过去完成进行 方式 时间 现在 一般 现在 将来 完成 进行 完成 进行 过去完成进行 过去完成进行 进行 完成 完成进行 do/ does am/is/are doing has/have done has/have been doing 过去 将来 过去将来 did will/shall do would/should do was/were doing will/shall be doing would/should be doing had done will/shall have done would/should have done had been doing will/shall have been doing would/should have been doing （ 粗体部分是初中阶段必须掌握部分）

八大时态讲解：

一般现在时：现在的状况，经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，真理、自然规律或客观事实等。 表示时刻表上发生的事实。 时间状语：always、often 、usually、 every day、 twice a week、from time to time、 at present等。

现在进行时：现在正在进行的动作。一段时间内所进行的动作。

部分移动类动词（go、come、move、arrive、leave、start等）的进行表将来。 时间状语：now, these days，at the moment, it's ten o'clock, Where is...? Look, Listen， Be quiet等。

现在完成时：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作或状态。 五个基本句式：①for+时段

②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从??以来） ③since+时段+ago

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④since+从句（过去时）

●⑤It is/has been+时段+since+从句（过去时） It is the first time that +现在完成时 (用how long对它们进行提问）

标志词：already、just、yet、ever、never、 so far、before、in the past few weeks recently、these days、以动作发生的次数为标志等。 have gone to、have been to、have been in的区别

瞬间性变为延续性：buy----have borrow -----keep go out----be out

leave ----be away come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in begin-----be on finish----be over open----be open close -----be closed die----be dead

fall asleep----be asleep join----be in/ be a member of marry----be married return/come back----be back catch/get a cold----have a cold

一般过去时：过去某时间的动作或状态。过去习惯性或重复发生的动作。

时间状语：yesterday, last night, an hour ago, in 1988, just now, a moment ago等。

双写的动词：plan stop shop fit rob step nod prefer beg drop等

过去进行时：过去特定时间正在发生的事，某一段时间一直持续进行的动作。 过去同事发生的两件事或动作。

时间状语：this time yesterday，at seven yesterday evening，at that moment/time when while等引起的状语从句。

过去完成时：在过去某一时刻之前已经发生并延续到这一时刻，或已完成的动作。 比过去更早发生的事情。（过去的过去）

时间状语：by+过去时间， before+过去从句， when+过去从句，宾语从句等 E.g. The couple had known each other for many years when they got married. She said that he had left the keys at home. （宾语从句） By the end of last term,we had learned about 2000 words

The film had been on for half an hour before I hurried to the cinema.

一般将来时：will do 和 shall do 指客观上将要发生的动作等。 be going to do 是打算去做或可能发生的事。 be to do 表示计划好的事情。 be about to do 即将做某事。

go、come、move、arrive、leave、start等少数动词的现在进行时表示计划、安排等。

时间状语：next time, the day after tomorrow, in the future, in two hours, later等。

过去将来时：表示过去某一时间打算、将要发生的动作或状态。 多见于宾语从句中

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E.g. I told him I would see him off at the station.

主将从现：

主将从现是指在时间状语从句、条件状语从句和让步状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。

在复合句中，由when , as soon as , after , before , until , unless等引导的时间状语从句和由if 引导的条件状语从句，都符合“主将从现”的原则。

一、如果主句是将来时或表示将来含义时，那么条件和时间状语从句多用一般现在时。 如： When I grow up, I will be a nurse and look after patients. If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. 注意：if表示是否时，时态不依据主将从现。

如：Could you tell me if he will arrive at the party tomorrow evening. 二、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时。 如：Don’t laugh at me when I make a mistake.

三、如果主句是含有情态动词的一般现在时，根据需要从句多用一般现在时。 如：You should be quiet when you are in the reading room

被动语态

被动语态：是指主语是谓语动作的承受者。 基本形式：be done…（by+宾语） 时态名称 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 一般将来时 过去将来时 （ 粗体部分是中考常考部分） 主动 do/does is/am/are doing have/has done did was/were doing had done will do would do 被动 is/am/are done is/am/are being done have/has been doing was/were doing was/were being done had been done will be done would be done 被动语态重点讲解

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1、带双宾语的被动语态。主+谓+直接宾语+间接宾语 They gave the children many good books. They gave many good books to the children.

?The children were given many good books.（被动语态） ?Many good books were given to the children.

类似的及物动词：give, send, take, bring, teach, show, write, lend, pass, offer, explain, sing等，转换双宾语时用介词to。

Mother has bought me an iphone 6. Mother has bought an iphone 6 for me.

?An iphone 6 has been bought for me.（被动语态，for不可省略。）

类似的及物动词：buy, make, find, get, cook等，转换双宾语时用介词for。

2、主+谓+宾+宾补

（1） 宾补是现在分词。see/ hear/ watch/ notice…sb doing sth I saw a stranger entering a room.

A stranger was seen entering a room by me.(被动)

（2） 宾补为省略to的动词不定式。make/ let/ have/ see/ hear/ watch…sb do sth He made the others understand him.

The others were made to understand him.（被动）

（3） 宾补为动词不定式。choose/ use/ invite/ ask/ tell/ warn/ advise…sb to do sth. We advised her to have a rest.

She was advised to have a rest.（被动）

3、主动表被动

（1）英语中有很多动词如：break, catch, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，当它们用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，用主动表被动。

This kind of cloth washes well. The book sells well. The pen writes well. （2） 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：rise, happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out，go out等以主动形式表示被动意义。

How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？

（3）系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等 在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。

Your reason sounds reasonable.

4、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

（1） 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义

相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。

（2） 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy

后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

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