句子成分

句子成分

句子成分

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Zhao Defu

简单句的五种基本句型

1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.

3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.

4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)：e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.

(一)句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

(二)主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，发出动作的人或物，表示所说的是谁或是什么,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。

e.g. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词) We often speak English in class.(代词) One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式) Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词) The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主语从句) It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式)

(三)谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。英语中一般只有动词在句中作谓语，也就是说一个句子中至少要有一个谓语动词, 一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 e.g. He practices running every morning.

She often looks after children who are younger than her. 2、复合谓语：

(1)由情态动词(can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, would, will, shall, need, dare, used to, had better, would rather等 + V原)或其他助动词(be + Ving/P.P., have + P.P., do(与动词原形连用), shall/will + V原)构成。

e.g. You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold. We are studying English.

If you go and see Uncle Wang, he will be very happy. (2)由系动词加表语构成。 e.g. We are students.

(句子成分) 1 (共6页)

句子成分

His father turned teacher last year.

(四)表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。系动词属英语中的一种常用动词，亦称联系动词(Link Verb)，后面常接形容词作表语，有部分系动词之后可以接名词作表语。系动词的功能主要是把表语和它的主语联系在一起，有自己的但不完全的词义，不能在句中独立作谓语，必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。系动词一般没有被动语态。

常用句型为：主语+系动词+表语

常用作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、数词、表示状态的副词、Ving、过去分词、不定式、介词短语以及从句等。

1)表状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词

e.g. He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)

2)表持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, sit等

e.g. He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词 用来表示\看起来像\这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look等 e.g. He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。

4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste等 e.g. This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。

5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run, make等

e.g. He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。

6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达\证实\，\变成\之意 e.g. The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。

The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

可带名词作表语的系动词：be, become, make, look, sound, fall, prove, remain, turn(该词后接的单数名词前多不用不定冠词)。 e.g. I think you can make a successful teacher.

My decision proved (to be) a good one. She turned teacher last year.

(五)宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一些不及物动词与副词或介词所构成的及物的短语之后也可跟宾语。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语、名词化的形容词或从句等充当。

e.g. They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词) The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代词、动名词) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)

(句子成分) 2 (共6页)

句子成分

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词) He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语) I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语) I think(that)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句) 宾语种类：

(1)双宾语----主语 + 谓语(vt) + 间接宾语(指人) +直接宾语(指事物)

英语中，有些及物动词可以接两个宾语，动作的承受者，即指物的叫做直接宾语；动作是为谁做的或是对谁做的，即指人的叫做间接宾语，这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。 e.g. Pass me the salt, please. 把盐递给我。the salt(直接宾语)，me(间接宾语)

They asked me to sing them a song. 他们要我给他们唱一支歌。 a song(直接宾语)，them(间接宾语)。 间接宾语后置：间接宾语也可以放在直接宾语的后面，这时候需要在间接宾语之前分别加两个介词：for或to.具体用哪一个介词，主要取决于句子的谓语动词。

e.g. I’ll lend you something to read. →I’ll lend something to read to you. 我要借点什么东西给你看。

I hope you will do me a favor.→ I hope you will do a favor for me. 我希望你能帮我做一件事。 常用句型为：主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

=主语+及物动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语。

双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词 allow sb. sth. = allow sth. to sb. 把某物给某人 award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人 bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人 deny sb. sth. = deny sth. to sb. 不给某人某物 give sb. sth. = give sth to sb. 把某物给某人 hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人

leave sb. sth. = leave sth. to/for sb. 把某物留给某人 mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人 offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人 owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物

pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人 pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物(钱) post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人

promise sb. sth. = promise sth. to sb. 答应给某人某物 read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听 refuse sb. sth. = refuse sth. to sb. 拒绝某人某物 return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人 send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人 sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人 serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人 show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看 take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人

(句子成分) 3 (共6页)

句子成分

teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物 tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况

throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人 wish sb. sth. = wish sth. to sb. 祝某人某事 write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信 双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词

book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物 buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物

choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物 cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物 do sb. sth. = do sth. for sb. 为某人做某事 draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物 fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物 find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物 fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物 get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物 make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物 order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物 paint sb. sth. = paint sth. for sb. 为某人画某物 pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物 play sb. sth. = play sth. for/to sb. 为某人演奏…… prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物 save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物 sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物(歌) spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物 steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物

(六)宾语补足语：

接复合宾语的常用动词

英语中，有些及物动词接宾语后还需接宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的有关情况，这样意思才完整。宾语和宾语补足语合称复合宾语。

常用句型为：主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语。

可用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、介词短语、部分副词等。

1. 接名词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有call, name, think, make, consider, find, elect, choose, feel,

appoint等。如：

We call them mooncakes. 我们把它们叫作月饼。 His father named him Dongming.

2. 接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有make, keep, think, find, believe, get, set, like, wish, see, consider, prove, have, leave, paint, drive, turn, cut等。

e.g. At first I found Chinese hard. 开始的时候，我发现汉语很难。

(句子成分) 4 (共6页)