(江苏专用)2020高考英语二轮复习阅读理解组合练(四)

that when people are incompetent, not only do they reach wrong conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but also they are robbed of the ability to realize their mistakes.In a semester-long study of college students, good students could better predict their performance on future exams given feedback about their scores and rankings.However, the poorest performers showed no recognition, despite clear and repeated feedback that they were doing badly.Instead of being confused or thoughtful about their incorrect ways, incompetent people insist that their ways are correct.As Charles Darwin wrote in The Descent of Man (1871): “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.”

Interestingly, really smart people also fail to accurately self-assess their abilities.As much as D-and F-grade students overestimate their abilities, A-grade students underestimate theirs.The difference is that competent people can and do adjust their self-assessment given appropriate feedback, while incompetent individuals cannot.

语篇解读：本文主要阐述了“邓宁—克鲁格效应”。研究表明有能力的人会根据各方面的反馈来调整自己的思路，而无知的人往往看不到自己的不足，盲目自信，固执己见。 6．Which of the following statements about the Dunning-Kruger effect is true? A．The effect is true for everyone in daily life. B．It suggests that most people lack cognitive abilities. C．Some people are overconfident about their abilities. D．The conclusion is drawn based on a series of bank robberies.

解析：选C 细节理解题。 根据第二段的内容，特别是其中的“some people mistakenly assess their abilities as being much higher than they actually are”以及“ ...‘Dunning-Kruger effect’， and describes the cognitive bias to inflate self-assessment”可知，邓宁—克鲁格效应指的是那些过度高估自己能力的，过度自信的人。

7．What do the college students' behaviors mentioned in the experiments prove? A．Feedback plays a significant role in estimating one's ability. B．Incompetent people have a rigid attitude towards their choice. C．Good students can predict their future performance accurately. D．People can't rely on their previous behavior to make adjustments. 解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第四段倒数第二句“Instead of being confused or thoughtful about their incorrect ways, incompetent people insist that their ways are correct.”可知，能力差的人不会去反思自己的不正确的方法，而是坚持他们的方法是

正确的。所以说他们非常的固执。

8．The underlined word “begets” can be replaced by ________. A．gives rise to C．makes up for

B．takes advantage of D．breaks away from

解析：选A 词义猜测题。引用查尔斯·达尔文作品中的这句话，是对上面的研究结果进行归纳总结。上面的研究表明无知的人更加盲目地自信。所以这句话的意思是“无知比知识更容易产生自信。”beget(＝give rise to)“产生”的意思。

9．What can we infer from the passage?

A．Real knowledge is knowing the extent of one's ignorance. B．It is difficult for people to evaluate their real competence. C．Illusion of confidence is the major source of people's failure. D．Those with great abilities often have a low opinion of themselves. 解析：选A 推理判断题。本文主要阐述了“邓宁—克鲁格效应”。研究表明有能力的人会根据各方面的反馈来调整自己的思路，而无知的人往往看不到自己的不足，盲目自信，固执己见。所以真正的知识是了解一个人无知的程度。

D

(2019·苏、锡、常、镇三模)I've never seen the night nor seen a star; I've seen neither spring nor fall nor winter.I was born at the end of the Reining Age (刹车时代), just as the Earth's rotation (旋转) was coming to a final stop.

The Reining lasted for 42 years, three years longer than the Unity Government had planned.My mother once told me about the time our family witnessed the last sunset.The Sun had ever so slowly crept toward the horizon, almost as if it had stopped moving altogether.In the end, it took three days and three nights to finally set.Naturally, that was the end of all “days” and all “nights”．The Eastern Hemisphere (半球) was covered in weak light for a long time then, perhaps for a dozen years or so — with the Sun hiding just beyond the horizon — its rays reflected by half of the sky.It was during that long sunset that I was born.

Dusk did not mean darkness.The Northern Hemisphere was lit up by the Earth Engines.These giant engines had been raised all across Asia and North America; only the solid plates beneath those two continents could resist the great pushing forces they exerted.There were about 12,000 Earth Engines built and distributed across the Asian and American plains.

From my home I could see the bright plasma plumes (等离子气柱) of several hundred Earth Engines.Just imagine a titanic palace, one as large as the Parthenon on the

Acropolis.Now imagine countless titanic pillars rising from that palace, reaching to the heavens, each releasing brilliant, bluish white light like a titanic shining tube.And then there is you; you are a microbe on the palace's floor.This only begins to paint the picture of the world we lived in.

This picture, however, is not yet complete.In order to survive the melting temperature of the expanding sun, we have to push the Earth away from it.First, the Earth must be stopped from rotating.Only the forces acting tangentially (正切地) to the Earth's rotation could slow it, so the Earth Engines had to be built to a specific angle.Those gigantic pillars of light were leaning to that angle.Now imagine what that meant for our palace, with its pillars all leaning on the point of falling down! Many who came from the Southern Hemisphere went mad when suddenly seeing this awesome view.

Worse than the view was the burning heat released by the Earth Engines.Outdoors the temperature was stuck at around 160 to 180 degrees, forcing us to wear special suits just to leave the house.The extremely high temperatures often brought pouring rains.It was always a terrifying scene when the beam of an Earth Engine cut through dark clouds.The clouds scattered the brilliant, bluish white light of the beam, erupting it into endless rainbow light that covered the entire sky like white hot magma (岩浆)．

To my generation, born in the Northern Hemisphere, all of this was perfectly normal and natural, just like the Sun, stars and Moon had been to generations before the Reining Age.We called the entire history of the human race that had come before us the PreSolar Age; what a fascinating and golden era that had truly been!

The Reining Age left the earth with a horrifying result.The sea tides, quickened by the Earth Engines, had swallowed two out of every three cities in the Northern Hemisphere; then the global increase in temperatures melted the polar icecap, resulting in floods that spread to the Southern Hemisphere.Thirty years earlier my grandfather had witnessed giant 300 foot waves that had engulfed Shanghai.Even now, he could never tell us about it without his gaze slipping into a thousand-mile stare.

Our planet had already changed beyond recognition before it even set out on its journey.Who knew what hardships were waiting for us on our long travels through outer space?

语篇解读：本文是一篇科幻故事，主要幻想了“刹车时代”地球、太阳的运行状况和人们的生活情况。 10．What happened when the author was born?

A．The earth had stopped turning for forty two years. B．The sun was making its last fall towards the horizon. C．All the Earth Engines had not been finished. D．His family were suffering from the summer hotness.

解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句“our family witnessed the last sunset”，然后 “In the end, it took three days and three nights to finally set.Naturally, that was the end of all ‘days’ and all ‘nights’”，可知作者出生的时候他的家人目睹了最后的日落，它落幕之后，地球就没有白天也没有黑夜。

11．Which of the following about the Earth Engines is right?

A．They were built in Asia and North America due to their huge number and weight. B．Their light and heat provided necessary energy for people to survive. C．They were all built to point straight upward to the sky to stop the earth rotating.

D．Their existence brought both opportunities and inconvenience to people on the earth.

解析：选D 推理判断题。文章第三段讲这些地球的引擎能够照亮北半球，但是给南半球的人们带来了一种惊吓感(第五段最后一句话)，同时，地球引擎会释放出大量的热(在第六段的第一句话)，导致人们要穿很厚的衣服，所以引擎既有好处又有不便。

12．What can we infer from the last three paragraphs?

A．People born in the Southern Hemisphere could enjoy four different seasons. B．The author missed his PreSolar Age lifestyle very much.

C．Grandfather would never forget the scene of Shanghai being swallowed. D．The author was discouraged but optimistic about the future of the earth. 解析：选C 推理判断题。根据第八段第三、四句“Thirty years earlier my grandfather had witnessed giant 300 foot waves that had engulfed Shanghai.Even now, he could never tell us about it without his gaze slipping into a thousand-mild stare”可知每次祖父回忆的时候总会反思很久很久，会盯着远处很久很久。所以可以推断上海的淹没给祖父留下了深刻的印象。

13．In this excerpt (节选) we can clearly see that the author is good at ________.

A．describing mental activities B．visualizing vivid scenes C．doing experimental analysis