题库所有244道Issue题目的写作提纲

3. However, in traditional service industries—such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health

care—personal economic success comes not to non-conformist but rather to those who can work most effectively within the constraints of established practices, policies and regulations. 个人和整体

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145. \principles.\

对于个性的最大考验在于一个人是否能够适应不断变化的社会规范而不牺牲自己的原则。

How to confront changing social conventions is a crucial challenge to one’s character.

1. Those who can adapt to the changing social conventions such as economic climate without sacrificing their principles

are more likely to succeed.

2. However, an even more praiseworthy character is one who is willing to change his principles to adapt to the changing

situations when those principles are out of date. 个体和整体

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146. \ 对于一种想法或者政策最忠实的人往往是那些对其最严厉的人。

Critical: Inclined to judge severely and find fault. 爱挑剔的倾向于进行严厉批判和找岔的

While I find this claim paradoxical on its face, the paradox is explainable, and the explanation is well supported empirically. Nevertheless, the claim is an unfair generalization in that it fails to account for other empirical evidence serving to discredit it.

A. Are commitment and criticism mutually exclusive? One possible explanation is that individuals most firmly

committed to an idea or policy are often the same people who are most knowledgeable on the subject, and therefore are in the best position to understand and appreciate the problems with the idea or policy.

B. Lending credence to this explanation for the paradoxical nature of the speaker’s claim are the many historical cases of

uneasy marriage between commitment to and criticism of the same idea or policy.

C. In the face of historical examples supporting the speaker’s claim are innumerable influential individuals who were

zealously committed to certain ideas and policies but who were not critical of them, at least not outwardly.

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148. \ 很多人向往理想主义，但是它实际上总是带来失望或者麻烦。

Idealism does more harm than good to society as well as individuals.

1. An idealist is one who, on noticing that a rose smells better a cabbage, concludes that it will also make better soup. 2. Political idealism such as communism brought catastrophes to former socialist countries. 3. Individually, idealism, if it were not balanced by pragmatism, would lead to personal failure. 4. Guided by practical plans, however, idealism can lead to hope and enthusiasm. 理想和现实

idealism: The act or practice of envisioning things in an ideal form.

理想主义用理想的观点看待事物的行为或实践行为 ------------------------------

156. \ 选择只是一种假象。实际上，我们的生活是被我们生活其中的社会所控制的。

1. Choice is a highly practical thing that everyone is confronted with all the time. 2. However, not every one can tackle choice properly with much easiness. 3. Society is also influenced and controlled by our way of living. 类似于现有环境后有意识 ------------------------------

157. \observer's expectations or desires.\

纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的；观察总是被观察者的预期或者喜好所左右的。

A. It would be tempting to afford the speaker’s claim greater merit than it deserves. After all, our everyday experience as

humans informs us that we often disagree about what we observe around us.

B. However, these sorts of subjective “observations” are actually subjective “interpretations” of what we observe. 主观和客观之观察 ------------------------------

162. \which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.\

人们经常听说个人需要为他们自己的生活负责任。然而，人们发现自己所处环境的存在要远远早于人们对其的认识。因此，个人责任的概念要比通常人们想象的要复杂和不切实际。

The statement can help us understand better the concept of personal responsibility. 1. We all live in conditions that have been largely established by others.

2. The environment in which we act, often uncontrollable, exerts unforeseeable influence on our behavior. 3. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the objective conditions when we require a person to assume

responsibility. ------------------------------

163. \the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis.\

大多数人在物质上和精神上都生活在一个非常有限的圈子里面。除非要面对严重的问题或者危机，否则他们仅仅会利用有效资源的极有限的一小部分。 Agree

1. Many people are confined by the physical deficiencies or moral regulations in their way of living. They have to obey

them to procure their reputation, fame, success, and so on.

2. However, when confronted with crisis and the like, people will use resources of others or of the community or even the

whole society. ------------------------------

165. \present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.\

在任何领域当中，领导作用总是来自于这些人，他们并不为传统的观念所动，而是极力渴望表达那些和主流思想不同的观点和想法。 1． 2． 3． 4．

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168. \field.\

批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非它是来自于该领域中的专家。

1. With respect to the social sciences, the social world presents a seamless web of not only anthropogenic but also

physical forces, which interact in ways that can be understood only in the context of a variety of disciplines. 2. In contrast, the work of researchers in the purely physical sciences can be judged only by their peers. 统一和分歧之专家

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175. \innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual.\

革新的动力往往来自于个人；革新的细节可能来自于团队，但是实质的革新都是个人努力和独特思维的结果。

1. With respect to business innovation, I agree that it is the vision and commitment of key individuals—such as a firm’s

founder or chief executive—from which business burgeon and innovative products, services, and marketing and management strategies emerge.

2. Nevertheless, teamwork and individual enterprise are not necessarily inconsistent, as the speaker would have us

believe.

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182. \ 只相信聪明才智是危险的。

Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.

1. In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing

truths.

2. However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts to solve problems.

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When it comes to political power, I would admit that a deep-seated psychological need to be noticed or to be different sometimes lies at the heart of a person’s drive to political power and fame.

Nevertheless, for every leading political voice driven to new ideas by a desire to be noticed or to be different, on can cite many other political leaders clearly driven instead by the courage of their convictions.

Turning to the arts, creative urges are born not of ego but rather of some intensely personal commitment to an aesthetic ideal.

As for the physical sciences, innovation and progress can only result from challenging conventional theories—that is, the status quo.

184. \ 在掌握足够资料之前建立理论会导致严重的错误。

1. A theory conjured up without the benefit of data amounts to little more than the theorist’s hopes and desires—what he

or she wants to be true and not be true.

2. By theorizing before collecting data the theorist also runs that risk of interpreting that data in a manner which makes it

appear to lend more credence to the theory than it actually does. ------------------------------

186. \has little value in today's world.\

实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。

1. Practicality seems clearly to be the litmus test for education today. 2. Practicality also dictates what sort of art is produced today. 3. Practicality is also the overriding concern in contemporary politics.

4. On the other hand, the claim amounts to an overstatement when it comes to today’s scientific endeavors. 当务之急和长远大计的关系 ------------------------------

187. \these new ideas are put into practice.\

拥护革新和接受新想法很简单。但是在大多数人们看来，最困难的是接受把这些新想法付诸实现的方式。

1. In areas of politics and law, new ideas are not often easily accepted.

2. Yet once society grows to accept these new ideas, it seems that it has an easier time accepting how they are put into

practice.

3. In contrast, consider innovations in the natural sciences. It seems that we universally embrace any new technology in

the name of progress. Of course there are always informed dissenters with legitimate concerns.

4. Yet the reasons why these dissenters oppose certain innovations have to do with their potential applications and uses,

not with the innovations themselves. ------------------------------

188. \change it.\

成功，无论是学术上的还是职业上的，都涉及了适应新环境并最终改变新环境的能力。

1. Regarding academic success, the speaker overstates the significance of environment.

2. Turning next to professional success, and considering the two traditional professions of law and medicine, the

speaker’s claim unfairly overrates the ability to change one’s professional environment as a key ingredient of professional success.

3. In contrast, when it comes to certain other professions, such as business and scientific research, the speaker’s claim

is far more compelling. ------------------------------

192. \ 在生活的所有领域中，成功往往更多的来自于把握机会或者冒险而不是通过仔细谨慎的计划。