翻译综合材料

that the author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.

[一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以

world in both aspects of philosophy and arts, but not as an absolute dominant ruler. There- fore, our bitterness and depression are basically less than those of westerners, because the intensity of which

衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上is growing with the expansion of one?s desire and 看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、ambition. People in the agriculture society enjoyed 生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当far less than people in the industry society, thus their 的估计了。 wants are far less either. Besides, ancient Chinese

古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，always regard “not confined by material, not driven 当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，by material” as the major philosophy. 不让时间白白浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治2007 家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。] Scientific and technological advances are

enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of What is the significance of life? Is there any

criterion for its measurement? Difficult as it is to the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, advance an absolute one, it will not be so to judge and the miracle of life.

At the same time, today, the actions, and the very meaning of one?s existence generally from

whether he is serious about life and what his inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on

the planet, but the very life of the planet. attitudes are towards work and life.

Globalization is making the world smaller, Throughout the ages, all people of

faster and richer. Still, 911, avian flu, and Iran accomplishment take their lives seriously. As long

as they are alive, they would rather devote remind us that a smaller, faster world is not themselves to more work and study than let a single necessarily a safer world.

Our world is bursting with knowledge—but minute slip by in vain. And the same is true of the

common laborers as well as the great statesmen and desperately in need of wisdom. Now, when sound

bites are getting shorter, when instant messages thinkers in our country.

crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep 2006

On May 13, 1940, Winston Churchill, the reflection are what our world needs.

For all these reasons I believed—and I believe newly appointed British Prime Minister, gave his

first speech to Parliament. He was preparing the even more strongly today—in the unique and people for a long battle against Nazi aggression, at a irreplaceable mission of universities. time when England?s survival was still in doubt.

暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，“...I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears

and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most 分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。

[也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群grievous kind. We have before us many, many

羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看months of struggle and suffering.

一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage

这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and 最后一刻再次咀嚼。

只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这with all the strength God has given us, and to wage 他不知在何处歇息。

war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in 个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃

如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. 娃。

You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one 那丰富而单纯的表情。] word. It is victory. Victory at all costs—victory in Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a spite of all terrors—victory, however long and hard group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the the road may be, for without victory there is no river bank. Hardly any of them would spare some survival. time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the

Let that be realized. No survival for the British beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire every minute to enjoy their last chew before being has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one his goal. knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among the dusk. The exuberant water plants have untried men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When claim the aid of all and to say, ?Come then, let us go approaching near, you would find their lily-white toward together with our united strength?” teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.

[中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学2008

But, as has been true in many other cases, when 文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占有比例

they were at last married, the most ideal of situations 较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的

was found to have been changed to the most 苦闷基本上比西方人为少为小：因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲

practical. Instead of having shared their original 望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人

duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, 享受差得多，因此欲望也小的多。何况中国古代素来以不

they discovered that the cares of life had been 滞于物、不为物役为最主要的人生哲学]。并非我们没有

doubled. This led to some distressing moments for 守财奴，但比起莫里哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴和野心家

both our friends; they understood suddenly that 来，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡

instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon 泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。

earth, and had make themselves slaves to new laws

Chinese people has never thought of human and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier being as the highest creature among everything since than ever before, they had assumed new ancient times, whose reflection takes a quite responsibilities; they had established a new appropriate proportion with all others in our natural household, and must fulfill in some way or another

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the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed they never felt so keenly that they were still units in modern society.

都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。

[我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界，心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的明暗。]

I think everyone has a small garden and that is our inner world. People?s intelligence needs to be developed, so does the inner world. The difference between people and animals, in addition to the many well-known, is also in the inner world. The heart is an important organ; however, the inner world is a landscape. It gradually took shape under the constant influence of the outside world on the heart. Everyone is so concerned about the health of the hearts of their loved ones as well as his that a slight disease would cause great anxiety. But not everyone is concerned about the inner world of themselves and their loved ones.

Text 1

Bringing the World Cup to Asia was supposed to expand the reach of the global game in a happy confluence of good will and good business. The action on the pitch has certainly been dramatic, and most fans were thrilled. But less than half way through the month-long tournament, the good will is already wearing thin and business seems relatively slow, with fewer visitors and related sales than expected. Deeply embarrassed by the image of part-empty stadiums besieged by angry ticket hunters, Japanese prime minister ordered an official investigation into the ticket fiasco. Claiming losses of more than $800,000 per game, Korea?s soccer federation even threatened to sue Byrom, the official ticket agent, for failing to print and deliver tickets on time.

Japan and Korea both hoped to score big points at home and abroad—with the World Cup. Perhaps it was the memories of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics, which were considered turning points in their nations? development. Mired in a decade-long slump, Japan longs for anything that might shock its economy back to life. Korea, meanwhile, hopes the Cup will steady its halting recovery from the 1997 Asian financial crisis and help brand it as Asia?s most wired nation. Their plan: inject billions of dollars into new facilities, welcome throngs of tourists and for one glorious month showcase their countries to the biggest television audience in history. Text 2

The effect of governmental expenditures on the total economy varies with both the level of utilization of labor and capital in the economy at the time of the expenditure, and the segment of the economy which receives the expenditure. If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at

英汉翻译练习

capacity or close to capacity, then the expenditure?s major effects tend to be inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor. If the economy or sector is operating at much less than full employment, the expenditure will produce a genuine (non-inflationary) rise in the GNP.

A true measure of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending. In the optimum case the initial expansion of income flow could be great enough to produce tax revenues in excess of the original “deficit spending” or the “tax cut”, so that deficits are not only smaller than the increased GNP but are recouped. In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending in the event of unused productive capacity and unemployment. Spending increases productivity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm. Text 3

At a time when the public is being assaulted with unsolicited e-mail ads, California is about to launch the toughest counterattack in the nation. A law that goes into effect on Jan. 1 allows computer users in the state to refuse unwanted solicitations en masse and sue spammers who violate their wishes for as much as $1 million.

Those potent weapons for deflecting pitches that offer everything from bigger body parts to lower mortgage rates have attracted the ire of the U.S. Department of Commerce and mass marketers. Fearing that the law will curtail advertising on the Internet, they are pushing for a far weaker national solution that would undercut the tough tactics in California and other states that are going the same route.

But such self-interest is hardly enlightened. The growing flood of messages not only annoys PC users, it also slows the transmission of wanted e-mail and forces businesses to spend billions to combat spam.

In fact, a survey released Oct. 22 suggests the proliferation of pitches could hurt the very e- commerce these business groups say they want to preserve. The survey of computer users, funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts, a non-profit group that studies public issues, found 25% use e-mail less because of spam. And 75% were reluctant to give out e-mail addresses, even to online retailers. Text 4

France today is no superpower, but French influence in some spheres is significant. Nothing has cemented French influence in the world like the decision made by the victorious World WarⅡ powers in 1945 to include France as one of the five permanent, veto-wielding members of the Security Council. Until the end of the Cold War, France rarely found itself in disagreement with Britain or the U.S. on major issues. But the U.N. veto today takes on larger significance as France struggles to decide whether it wants to lead the EU in defiance of American power or in partnership with it.

As America?s great media outlets have begun preparing for coverage of the D-Day celebrations, the question of a “grand gesture” by the French toward the American war in Iraq has been raised.

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Administration officials hint that, perhaps, just perhaps, the French President will use the occasion of France?s rescue as an opportunity to square the accounts—to issue a blanket endorsement of America?s plan for Iraq?s future and throw its support behind the transfer of power looming at the end of this month. France certainly wants the United States to be successful in Iraq at this point. But France seems unlikely to see D-Day as an opportunity to make good on a 60-year-old debt. Beyond nice speeches and some truly fine cuisine, don?t expect France to liberate America from Iraq.

Text 7

Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly troublesome, and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tediousness up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people

Text 5 have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such

Yet the United States benefited greatly from work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it the colonial strife next door. Broke after its Haitian fills a good many hours of the day without the need defeat, France sold a large region to the U.S. for $15 of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when million. The Louisiana Purchase would prove to be they are left free to fill their own time according to one of the most profitable real estate transactions their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything ever made. Napoleon would not have sold his claims sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And except for the courage and obstinate resistance of whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the Haitian inhabitants. feeling that something else would have been

It would take six decades for the U.S. to pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is acknowledge Haiti?s independence. Meanwhile, the last product of civilization, and at present very Haiti, burdened by its post-independence isolation few people have reached this level. Moreover the and 100 million francs in payment it was forced to exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to give France for official recognition, began its people with unusual initiative it is positively perilous slide toward turmoil and dependency, agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the resulting in a 19-year U.S. occupation and two day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. subsequent interventions in the past 100 years. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as Jefferson once presented dire warnings about what the price of their freedom from drudgery. At times, might happen to the US political system in a worst they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, -case scenario, but his words turned out to be a more or by flying round the world, but the number of such accurate prophecy for America?s plundered neighbor: sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. “The spirit of the times…will alter. Our rulers will Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work become corrupt…The shackles…which shall not be nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich knocked off at the conclusion of war will remain on women for the most part keep themselves busy with long, will be made heavier.” Given a fair chance, innumerable trifles of whose earth-shaking Haiti could have flourished and prospered. If that importance they are firmly persuaded. had been the case, this year Haiti would be Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, celebrating the bicentennial of its independence with as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a fewer and lighter shackles. man feels when he is doing necessary though

uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with Text 6 the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do

The book shows us the progress of a remark- with his days. With this advantage of work another able American, who, through his own enormous is associated, namely that it makes holidays much energies and efforts, made the unlikely journey from more delicious when they come. Provided a man Hope, Arkansas, to the White House—a journey does not have to work so hard as to weaken his vigor, fueled by an impassioned interest in the political he is likely to find far more zest in his free time than process which manifested itself at every stage of his an idle man could possibly find. life: in college, working as an intern for Senator The second advantage of most paid work and William Fulbright; at Oxford, becoming part of the of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of Vietnam War protest move- ment; at Yale Law success and opportunities for ambition. In most School, campaigning on the grassroots level for work success is measured by income, and while our Democratic candidates; back in Arkansas, running capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. for Congress, attorney general, and governor. However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it

We see his career shaped by his resolute is a means of building up a reputation, whether in determination to improve the life of his fellow the world at large or only in one?s own circle. citizens, an unfaltering commitment to civil rights, Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential and an exceptional understanding of the ingredients of happiness in the long run, and for practicalities of political life. most men this comes chiefly through their work…

We come to understand the emotional The satisfaction of killing time and of affording pressures of his youth-born after his father?s death; some outlet, however modest, for ambition, belongs caught in the dysfunctional relationship between his to most work, but when work is interesting, it is feisty, nurturing mother and his abusive step- father, capable of giving satisfaction of a far higher order drawn to be the brilliant, compelling lady whom he than mere relief from tediousness. was determined to marry; passionately devoted, The chief element which makes work from her infancy, to their daughter, and to the entire interesting is the exercise of skill. Every man who experience of fatherhood; slowly and painfully has acquired some unusual skill enjoys exercising it beginning to comprehend how his early denial of until it has become a matter of course, or until he pain led him at times into damaging patterns of can no longer improve himself. This motive to behavior. activity begins in early childhood: a boy who can

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stand on his head becomes reluctant to stand on his feet. A great deal of work gives the same pleasure that is to be derived from games of skill. Here of course there is not only the exercise of skill but the conquering of a skilled opponent. Even where this competitive element is absent, however, the performance of rare skills is agreeable. I imagine that an able surgeon, in spite of the painful circumstances in which his work is done, derives satisfaction from the wonderful precision of his operations. The same kind of pleasure, though in a less intense form, is to be derived from a great deal of work of a humbler kind. All skilled work can be pleasurable, provided the skill required is either variable or capable of indefinite improvement…

(by Bertrand Russell)

Text 8

Michael Jordan, a basketball player in whom commentators have discerned aristocratic qualities and supernatural powers, has retired from the game that made him one of the world?s best known and best paid sportsman.

Last week?s announcement was premature by most people?s measurement—Jordan is 30 and at the height of his playing and earning power—but it was not, by his own account, taken hastily, or rashly. “This is,” he said, with a rare stumble, “the perfect timing for me to walk away.”

After three championships with the Chicago Bulls, a second gold medal with the US team at the 1992 Olympics, Jordan felt his motivation slipping away. “I?m at the pinnacle,” he told a thronged press conference. “I just feel I don?t have anything else to prove.”

But this explanation may appear too simple to satisfy the skeptics, who have recently discovered that Jordan does not lead an untroubled private life. First came the allegation that he gambled—in a country where gambling is mostly illegal—and that his gambling was out of control. Then his father was shot dead on July 23. Text 9

Although the American economy has trans- formed itself over the years, certain issues have persisted since the early days of the republic. One is the continuing debate over the proper role for government in what is basically a marketplace economy. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth.

Ever since colonial times, the government has been involved, to some extent, in economic decision-making. The federal government, for example, has made huge investments in infra- structure, and it has provided social welfare programs that the private sector was unable or unwilling to provide. In a myriad of ways and over many decades, the government has supported and promoted the development of agriculture.

Text 10

The Reagan administration?s most serious foreign policy problem surfaced near the end of the president?s second term. In 1987 American learned that the administration had secretly sold arms to Iran in an attempt to win freedom for American hostages held in Lebanon by radical organizations controlled

by Iran?s Khomeini government. Investigation also revealed that funds from the arms sales had been diverted to the Nicaraguan contras during a period when Congress had prohibited such military aid.

The ensuing Iran-contra hearings before a joint House-Senate committee examined issues of possible illegality as well as the broader question of defining American foreign policy interests in the Middle East and Central America. In a large sense, the Iran-contra hearings, like the celebrated Watergate hearings 14 years earlier, addressed fundamental questions about the government?s accountability to the public, and the proper balance between the executive and legislative branches of government. Text 11

When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced were technical when they were trying to adapt themselves to the new medium. When working on radio, for example, they had become accustomed to seeing on behalf of the listener. This art of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. Above all, he has to be able to create a continuous sequence of visual images which affect meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the case of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is completely different. He is there to make sure that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him focus on particular things, and to interpret the images on the television screen. Unlike his radio colleague, he must know the value of silence and how to use it at those comments when the pictures speak for themselves.

Text 12

It has been usual to think of the accumulated wealth of the world as having been painfully built up out of that voluntary abstinence of individuals from the immediate enjoyment of consumption, which we call Thrift. But it should be obvious that mere abstinence is not enough by itself to build cities or drain fens. The abstinence of individuals need not increase accumulated wealth; it may serve instead to increase the current consumption of other individuals. Thus the thrift of a man may lead either to an increase of capital-wealth or to consumers getting better value for their money. There is no telling which, until we have examined another economic factor. Namely, enterprise. It is enterprise that builds and improves the world?s possessions. Thus thrift may be the handmaid and nurse of Enterprise. But equally she may not. And, perhaps, even usually she is not. For the engine which drives Enterprise is not Thrift, but Profit.

Text 13

A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedom. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training

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