全国医学博士统一考试2001-2006

A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structures B. the intrinsic dynamics of urban change C.the fixed spatial infrastructure D. all of the above 80. The conventional notion, the author contends,_________.

A. presents the inherent nature of a city B.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructures

C.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of time D. hinders the physical change of urban structure

Passage Five

When it is sunny in June, my father gets in his first cutting of hay. He starts on the creek meadows, which are flat, sandy, and hot. They are his driest land. This year, vacationing from my medical practice, I returned to Vermont to help him with the haying.

The heft of a bale(大捆)through my leather gloves is familiar: the tautness of the twine, the heave of the bale, the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms. This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze. I walk behind the chug and clack of baler, moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later. As hot as the air is, my face is hotter. I am surprised at how soon I get tired. I take a break and sit in the shade, watching my father bale, trying not to think about how old he is, how the heat affects his heart, what might happen.

This is not my usual work, of course. My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them. Occasionally I touch them, and am glad that my hands are soft. I don?t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots. Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles, hidden swellings of organs and joints, and probe all the painful places in my patients? lives. There are many. Perhaps I am too soft, could stand callouses of a different sort. I feel heavy after a day?s work, as if all my patients were inside me, letting me carry them, I don?t mean to. But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings, ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression, fears, illness? These are not my experiences, yet I feel them and carry them with me. Try to find healthier meanings, I spent the week before vacation crying.

The hay field is getting organized. Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field. They will be easy to pick up. Dad climbs, tired and lame, from the tractor. I hand him a jar of ice water, and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done. I?ll stack a few more bales and maybe drive the truck for my brother. My father will have some appreciative customers this winter, as he sells his bales of hay.

I?ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles, the heat on my face. I an taunted by the simplicity of this work, the purpose and results, the definite boundaries of the fields, the dimensions of the bales, for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies; it spills into families, homes, schools and my office, like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar. I feel the rough stubble left in its wake. I need to remember the stories I?ve helped reshape, new meanings stacked against the despair of pain. I need to remember the smell of hay in June. 81. Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?

A. The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator. B. The narrator gets tired easily working in the field. C. It is the first time for the narrator to do haying. D. The narrator is as physician.

82. In retrospection, the narrator___________. A. feels guilty before his father and brother B. defends his soft hands in a meaningful way

C. hates losing his muscular power before he knows it D. is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess 83. As a physician, the narrator is ________.

A. empathic B. arrogant C. callous D. fragile 84. His associations punctuate___________.

A. the similarities between medicine and agriculture B. the simplicity of muscular work C. the hardship of life every where D .the nature of medical practice 85. The narrator would say that________.

A. it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular work B. everything is interlinked and anything can be anything C. he is a shame to his father D. his trip is worth it.

Passage Six

Everyone has seen it happen. A colleague who has been excited, involved, and productive slowly begins to pull back, lose energy and interest, and becomes a shadow or his or her former self. Or , a person who has been an beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism. What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?

Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy, lack of commitment and involvement, and continual frustration, often accompanied at work by physical symptoms, disability claims and performance problem. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening .And organization?s most valuable resource ------the energy, dedication and creativity of its employees----is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the

pool of talent and energy available.

Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work. The burned—out manager comes to work, but he brings a shell rather than a person. He experiences little satisfaction, and feels uninvolved, detached, and uncommitted to his work and co-worker .While he may be effective by external standards, he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level, and the whole community begins to suffer.

Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire. It?s especially scary some of the most talented. If they can?t maintain their fire, others ask.

Who can? Are these people lost forever, or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually, the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit, and , more important, there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.

86. The passage begins with_______.

A. a personal transition B.a contrast between two types of people

C. a shift from conformity to individuality D.a mysterious physical and mental state 87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit? A.Emotional exhaustion. B.Depersonalization

C.Reduced personal accomplishment. D.All of the above.

88. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, which will result in_______. A.apersonal problem B.diminished productivity

C.an economic crisis in a county D. a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy 89. Burnout can be________.

A.fatal B.static C.infectious D.permanent

90.Those who are burned-our, according to the passage, are potentially able________. A.to find a quick fix B.to restore what they have lost

C.to be aware of their status quo D. to challenge their organization 作文是关于爱滋病的(全部结束)

2006

31. He ___ the check and deposited it in his account.

A.cancelled B.endorsed C.cashed D.endowed 32. She claimed that she was denied admission to the school ___ her race

A. by virtue of B.in accordance with C.with respect to D.on account of 33. The present is ill.so the secretary will be ___ for him as chairman at the meeting. A..standing up B.coming up C.sitting in D.filling in 34The witness was.___ by the judge for failing to answer the question

A. sentenced B.threatened C.admonished D.jailed 35.Publicly,they are trying to ___ this latest failure,but in private they are very worried. A..put off B.laugh off C.pay off D.lay off 36.It is sheer ___ to be home again and be able to relax.

A.prestige B.paradise C.pride D.privacy 37. During rush hour.Downtown streets are ___ with commuters. A.scattered B.condensed C.clogged D.dotted 38. Someone who is in ___ confinement is kept alone in a room in prison.

A. precise B.solitary C.remote D.confidential 39. She is very ___, and will be able to perpform all require tasks well.

A.productive B.flexible C.sophisticated D.versatile 40. Various books and papers are ___ up togethir on her desk.

A.jumbled B.tumbled C.bumbled . D.humbled 42. Sunny periods will be interspersed with occasionsl shower. A.interrupted .B.blocked C.blended D.interested 46. She kept to her point tenaciously and would not give away.

A. persistently B.constantly C.perpetually D.vigorously 48. I am just fed up with his excuse for not getting his work done. A. anguished at B.annoyed at C.agonized by D.afflicted by 49. Let?s get out the dictionary and settle this dispute once and for all.

A. at the moment B.at any time C.for a while D.for the last time 50.I was so absorbed in my work that I completely forgot the time. A. engraved B.engrossed C.enforced D.enveloped 完型填空

Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and cure.

Culture shock is precipitated by the 51 that result from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousands and one ways in thich we 52 ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say,when we meet people, when and how to give tips,how to make purchases,when to accept and when to 53 invitations,when to take statements seriously and 54 .These cues,which may be words,gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are 55 a part of our cultrue as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend 56 our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues,most of which we do not carry,57 conscious awareness. Now when individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are 58 .He or she is like a fish out water.No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been knocked 59 you, followed by feeling of frustrations and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”When foreigners in a strange hand get together to grouse about the 60 country and its people.You can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.

51. A. complaint B.anxiety C.grief D.conflict 52. A.convert B.associate C.orient D.familiarize 53. A. refuse B. welcome C.deliver D.withdraw 54. A.why not B. what not C.when not D.where not 55. A. as much B. as such C.as well D.as if 56. A. on B.with C.as D.for

57. A. on the level of B. in accordance with C.be means of D.in view of 58. A. adjusted B.modified C.rejeted D.removed 59. A. from behind B.from under C.out of D.away from 60. A. guest B.target C.hos D.master Passage 2

High-speed Living has become a fact of life, and the frantic pace is taking its toll, according to science writer James Gleick. It?s as if the old“type A”behavior of a few has expanded into the “hurry sickness”of the many.

“We do feel that we?re more time-driven and time-obsessed and generally rushed than ever before”write Gleick in Faster:The Acceleration of Just About Everything,a survey of fast -moving, culture and its consfequences.We may also be acting more hastily,losing control, and thinking superficially because we lie faster.

Technology has conditioned us to expect instant results.Internet purchases arrive by next-day delivery and the microvave delivers a hot meal in minutes.Faxes,e-mails,and cell phones make it plssible—and increasingly obligatory—for people to work faster.Gleick cites numerous examples of last-forward changes in our lives:Stock trading and news cycles are shorter; sound bites of presidential candidates on network newscasts dropped from 40 secinds in 1868 to 10 seconds in 1998 ; and some fast-food restaurants have added express lanes.

High expectations for instant service make even the brief wait for an elevator seem interminable. “A good waiting time is in the neighborhood of 15 seconds.Sometime around 40 seconds,people start to get visibly upset”writes Gleick.We?re dependent on systems that promise speed but often deliver frustration.Like rush-hour drivers fuming when a single accident halts the evening commute,people surfing the internet squirm if a Web page is slow to load or when access itselt is not instantaneous.And the concert of “customer service”can become an oxymoron(a wise fool; cruel kindness)for customers waiting on hold for a telephone representative.

Up-tempo living has turned people multitaskers-eating while driving,writing an e-mail whiletalking on the phone,or skimming dozens of television programs on split screen.Gleick suggests that human beings may be capable of adjusting to these new levels of stimuli as high-speed culture challenges our brains“in a way they were not challenged in the past,except perhaps in times of war”.We may gain the flexibility to do several things at once but lose some of our capacity to focus in depth on a single task.

66．With living pace getting quicker and quick, the number of those of “Type-A”behavior is A.on the rise B.out or control

C.on the decline D.under investigation

67．High-speed living brings about the following consequences, exclusive of A.superficial thinking B.lose of control C.waste of time D.more haste

rd

68．The best conclusion can be drawn from the 3 paragraph is that

A.techonlogy is building a fast-moving culture B.we are living in the age of information C.economy is booming with technology D.the frantic pace is taking its toll 69．As the author implies, the faster we live,___

A.the less we do B.the less patient we are C.the more time we save D.the more efficiency have 70．Living faster and faster, the multitaskers tend___

A. to scratch the surface of a thing B.to do things better at the same time

C.to be flexible with their time scheduals D.to have intense concentration on trivial things

Passage 3

Imagine a disease spreading across the globe,killing mostly middle-aged people or leaving them chronically disabled.Then one day researchers come up with a drug that can prevent some of the disease?s nastier effects.You would think the world?s ageing public would be eternally grateful.

The disease does exist.It is called tobacco addiction.The drug too is real and in animal tests has prevented lung damage that leads to emphysem.But the inventors have received no bouquets. Prevailing medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow, distracting smokers from the task of quitting.Another experimental drug, which could protect smokers against cancer, is also viewed with suspicion because it could give smokers an excuse not to quit.

On the face of it these responses make sense.It is ingrained in society that smokers have only themselves to blame and their salvation lies in a simple act of will.If they will not quit smoking,they cannot expect help from anyone else. But this logic is flawed.Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year.Yet,even with nicotine gum,patches and drugs to ease the ordeal,the quit rate is still under 10 percent.In the UK , the proportion of people who smoke has not fallen in a decade.Tobacco has a powerful grip,and many smoker are caught in a trap they cannot escape:they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.

This reasoning is hard for many to swallow.It certainly leave governments and anti-smoking groups in a bind. They are happy to pay lip service to methods for reducing harm---of which three are a growing unmber---but they are slow to create policies based upon them.European Union countries,for example,look years to; even consider regulating the dangerous additives in cigarettes.

One fear is that methods for reducing harm will dilute the message that tobacco kills---especially when given to youngsters.But that message won?t change.In the present case, even if both drugs turn out to work in human trials, they would not protect against all the deadly side effects of smoking.And the drugs do not have to be free to all.They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believe genuinely cannot give up.

There are things that no drug aimed at harm reduction will ever be able to be.It will not cut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millions of teenagers to light up.For these reasons all other ways to counter smoking must continue,from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes.But it would be a mistake to ignore the harm reduction measures.For those who are not convinced,forget smokers for a moment.Preventive drugs could also help non-smokers,especially those working long hours,as,say,musicians and bar stall in smoky rooms.Should we deny them too?

71．The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets” implies that___ A.the drugs have received suspicion B.the inventors just presented a sideshow

C.it will take time for the public to accept the new drug D. the effects of the drug need further test on human trials 72．The author argues that ____

A.no smoker is expected to succee in quitting

B.smokers deserve the harm smoking does to them C.smokers with resolution to stop smoking need halp

D. smokers could succeed with strong resolution to give up 73．The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs____

A.are aimed at youngsters B.should be available to smokers free of charge C.will not change the message that tobacco kills D.help regulate the dangerous additives in cigarattes 74．The drugs, according to the author, are expected____

A.to perform preventive functions in non-smokers B.to reduce the number of passive smokers C.to enforce the combat against smoking D.all of the above 75.We can draw a conclusion from the passage that___

A.with innovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications and stay healthy B.if a drug can save lives; we shouldn?t withhold it without good resaon C.the battle against smoking is far from won D. there will be a safe way to smoke Passage 4

Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs.Sucking ,which is the infant?s means of gaining both food and emotional security conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation.If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body cintact as well as good mild intake,if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires,and if both the child and the mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment,the child is more likely to shrive both phgysically and emotionally.On the other hand,if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him her off from the milk supply before either the child?s hunger or sucking need is satisfied,or handle the child hostilely during the feeding,or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child,the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age.If ,in addition,the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance,he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivation throughout life. Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments.If an individual?s family eats large quantities of food,then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts.If an individual?s family eats mainly vegetable,then he