全国医学博士统一考试2001-2006

“I got cancer in my prostrate.”Detective Andy Sipowicz of the fictional 15th Precinct,a stoic,big bear of a man ,is clearly in a world of pain in a 1998 episode of NYPD Blue.The story line deals not only with cancer but also with medical screw-ups,hospital indignities,and physician arrogance.The malapropism (Andy,of course,meant “prostate”) is about the only medical detail the show got wrong-and it was deliberate,in keeping with Sipowicz?s coarse but tenderhearted character.Television,which can still depict death as an event akin to fainting,is beginning to try harder to get its health information right.And a handful of foundations and consultants are working to get the attention of writers,producers ,and assorted Hollywood moguls, trying to convince them that,in the area of medicine,the truth is as compelling as fiction.

The stakes are high.Surveys show how surprising number of Americans get much of their basic health information not from their doctors, not even from newspapers of news magazines, but from entertainment television. A survey by the federal Centers for Disease and Prevention found that among people who watch soap operas about disease and its prevention from the daytime serials.Some 7 percent actually visited a doctor because of something they viewed.

Certain television shows are naturals for health education. The Clinton Adminstation has been quick so recognize the potency of the entertainment media as a health promoter. Secretary Donna Shalala, whose Department of Health and Human Services educates the public through traditional brochures and public service Announcements,has offered TV writers the sources of her department to help them ensure accuracy. “Entertainment television reaches the hearts and minds of millions of Americans,” she told US News. “In recent years, I have challenged television talk-show hosts,writers and producers----as professionals,parents and citizens---to use this incredible power to help Americans get accurate public health information.”

86. The story line “I got cancer in my prostrate”?s intented to achieve a (n) ____ effect A.amusing B.serious C.puzzling D.saddening 87. The word malapropism in the first paragraph can be defined as ____

A.an improper scene in a show B.a significant detail of a story C.a wrong use of a word D.an interesting plot 88. We can infer from the passage that ____

A.TV show must take into consideration the public health consequences B.viewers of TV shows can distinguish between fiction and truth

C.the TV staff are conscientiously responsible for the quality of their shows D.entertainment can be pursued at the cost of accuracy

89. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A.TV shows are often misleading in medical details B.TV?s role as a health promoter is already recognized

C.Official support is available for TV?s efforts to be scientific and accurate D.Entertainment is justified in making up absurd stories 90. The autor would be in favor of ____

A.absurd but entertaining TV shows B.mixing medicine and entertainment

C.medical documentaries on TV D.a divorce between science and entertainment

2003年博士英语考试作文参考答案 Health begins with breakfast

Most people ignore breakfast and skip it. In fact breakfast is of great importance to guarantee our heath and improve the efficiency of our work and study. So we should have it scientifically.

Breakfast for young children. Small children need adequate protein and calcium, so it is good for them to have measurable milk, egg, and bread for breakfast. They should avoid eating food that is high in sugar in case of decayed teeth and fatness.

Breakfast for teenagers. As adolescence is a vital period of growth, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin A are necessary for adolescents. Furthermore they should be provided with sufficient calories for their mental and physical activities

2004

patr II vocabulary(10%) 70% Part IV Passage one

Although speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans,the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings,thoughts and reactions through body positioning,body contact,body odors,eye contatct,responsive actions,habits attitudes,interests,state of health ,dress and grooming, choice if life-style,and use of talents—in fact,through everything the individual says or does.

In turn,every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five sense and personal biorhythm system. An individual screens,selects,regulates,and controls specific aspects of this information

through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic;some are subconscious because of habit,block,or lack of development; and some are made by a conscious process. The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awarness, priority of need,and control of this process.

The person with a behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused,and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts,need,and emotions,and that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems,he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others, so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay,the messages received are threatening ones.

The cause of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person?s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical,as in deafness,mental retardation,brain tumor,or hardening of the cerebral arteries .However,the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person?s emotional system.

Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occur in childhood before good communicatives skills are learned,and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening,it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways,he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate. 61.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication

A.is characterized by two features, form and meaning B.is mainly conducted through speech and writing C.is of two fuctions, stimulation and response D.takes two forms, verbal and nonerbal 62. In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with____

A.communicative ability B.external and internal messages

C.information and mental processing D.conscious and subconscious awareness 63. Shut off from the communicative flow,the person with a behavior disorder___

A.is unable to focus attention on internal problems B.is isolated in internal problems C.relays threatening messages D.all of the above 64. Which of the following is universal according to the passage? A.Nerual blocks B.physical blocks C.cerebral blocks D.emotional blocks 65. The passage ends with____

A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorder B.the importance of acquiring good communicative skills C.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocks D.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhood Passage 2

Despression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.

Although everyone experiences “the blues” or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well,when everything seems to be an effort,and when efforts lead to frustration,these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired,hungry,lonely,or sick.Rest,good food,talking with friends,some fun/or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist,or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation ,when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person,when relatives of friends cannot cheer the person and he or she continuous to withdraw,then the person is depressed.

Even such depressions are normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb,is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death(such as occurs in wartime),has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany）,has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks,or has experienced the death of several family members within a shor time is expected to be depressed. However,there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such image is usually the result of the psychosocical conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security, love,care,and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.

The depressed person can find little beauty or fun in life.His or her talk is filled with gloomy negatives.Doom and anxiety fill his or her mind.Depression is often cyclical,and when the anxiety does lift the person may demonstrate an opposite extreme of carefree irresponsibility.

Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems, acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.

The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts. Yet, in

depression, the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.

66. Unlike others,according to the passage,a depressed person___ A.is likely to recover in a short period of time B.does not reveal any underlying causing C.is characteristic of self-hatred D.tends to stay with“the blues”

67.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members,the author is trying to tell us that ___ A.depressions can potentially be detrimental to mental health B.the severity of depression varies with individuals C.depressions are overwhelming prevailing D.depressions are sometimes inescapable

68. Those who present no reason to be depressed,according to the passage___

A.need protect their self-images B.need a parental role model at home C.can be helped psychologically to be usueful and need persons

D.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents 69. The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is ___

A.sincerity B.acceptance C.reassurance D.all of above 70. Under psychotherapy,the depressed person is encouaged___

A. to free his or her mind of any thought B. to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughts

C. to reassure himself or herself of early recovery D. to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possible. Passage 3

Seana lived in the inpatient hospice unit for more than a month,far longer than anyone would have predicted,sustained only on pain medications and Popsicles.

Late March in Chicago is only technically spring.Most of the time it is still cold and overcast.However,this day was warm,60 degrees and sunny.It was a Saturday and we planned to go outside after I finished rounds.I found Seana back on the unit sitting in her wheelchair,IV pole and pumps in tow,her winter coat partially covering hospital gown.Her sister-in-law and Carla,her nurse?s aide,wer ready to go.Everyone was in a great mood.

We went down the elevator, into the brightly sunlit outdoors, and onto the driveway by the women?s hospital.Though the initial idea was to just sit in the sun a bit,we were drawn toward the sidewalk.There were the usual smokers outside the hospital,and the smell of cigarette smoke was the first thing I noticed.It seemed horrible to come out here,to have that smell be the first thing to greet Seana.Simultaneous with that thought,though, she said,“What a wonderful smell!”I adked her what smell was so wonderful and she said that it smelled like McDonald?s.I was thinking,she really does appreciate everything.We went on to the sidewalk and watched a father pitching a ball to his 4-year-old son.The continuity between grnerations was moving,almost beyond words.As we got to the corner,an inspiration came:we could make it to Lake Michigan,only a few blocks away.Did she want to try?Did everyone want to try?Of course we did!Carla said that it felt like we were cutting school.So off we went ,across Sheridan Road,the four of us quite a motley sight:Seana looking like death warmed over in her wheelchair,I wearing my gray hospital coat,the nurse?s aede in an outrageous green leather coat,her sister-in-law in an Ohio State sweatshirt.Cars slowed down;we waved.We walked up the road to the beach,cutting through rutted lawns,the wheelchair bumping in the spring mud.Seana didn?t say much,but she seemed translucent in the sun,beaming,lit from within.I imagined it as her farewell tour of the world.I can only fathom the poignant wealth of feelings that were stimulated.For me ,it evoked the sense of being a tourist,where everything seems special,a little strange,and very impermanent.I had experienced this same lakefront that way three years before.Then,I had just recovered from my own near death in the form of a myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest and was filled with joy and gratitude; that I was still here.The world looked new. I had been Seana?s age.

She taught me that awareness of death and appreciation of life go together:to imagine that you are seeing things for the last tome has the same intensity as seeing them for the first. 71.Upon finishing rounds,the author___

A.joined Seana for an outing B.went to the inpatient hospice uni

C.managed to get a wheelchair for Seana D.found the prrfect weather for a stroll with Seana 72.We can infer that the smell of smoke made the author feel that ___ A.it was a wrong idea to smoke outside of the hospital B.the sidewlk was a wuong place for smoking C.it had been the right plan to go out D.Seans was at a wrong place

73.Outside the hospital,Seana enjoyed everything including___ A.the fast food at McDonald?s B.the smell of smoke C.the generation gap D.all of the above

74.The author would say that Seana being wheeled in the sun___

A.was fascinated by the team?s motley sight B.imagined her farewell tour of the world C.was emotionally aroused from within D.was fond of appreciating nature 75. During the outing,the author perceived Seans?s appreciation of life___ A.in her hope of recvery B.in her awareness of death

C.in seeing things for the first time D.in Bing a tourist at the lakefront Passage 4

Two equally brilliant scientists apply for a prestigious research fellowship awarded by a top scientific prganization.One is white, the other black.Does the color of their skin matter?

Most scientists will already be screaming a resounding “no”. Those who progress in science do so because of their work, not their pigmentatio. Sceince is meritocratic and objective. It must therefore be rigorously color-blind and shun both racial discrimination and affirmative action.

Well, lit?s think about this.If science really is so meritocratic, where are all the black Nobel Prize winners and fellows of the Royal Society? The black chairs of government scientific panels?The black Richard Dawkinses and Susan Greenfidlds?When Newsweek magazine recently surveyed Europe?s largest 100 companies it was shocked to unearth, only six board members of non-European racial origin.One shudders to think what a similar survey of the upper echelons of European science would reveal.

Even the usually stick-in-the-mud British government now acknowledges there is a problem .Last month it promised new funding for projects desighed to combat institutional racism in science education in schools. As measures go it is little and late, but welcome nonetheless. Despite starting school as the top achievers, black British children have long underperformed in science.

And there are positive changes afoot higher up the scientific career ladder too.At present,few scientific organizations ,funding bodies or labs in Europe bother even to track the racial backgrounds of those they hire or fund.As a result the full scale of the under-representation problem is hidden.Not for much longer.Britain?s newly amended Race Relations Act requires all government bodies,including funding councils,to track the effects of their activities on different ethnic groups and ensure that all benefit equally.And next year a European Union directive will push all EU employers this way too.

But ethnic monitoring alone will not create the black role models European science so badly needs.Something else is needed.Funding agencies and influential organizations like the Royal Society must bite the bullet of affirmative action.That means ring-fencing fellowships and grants for applicants from particular racial backgrounds.And it means seeking out those who have broken through the barriers of race and giving them preference over their equally well-qualified white peers for positions of influence and places in the spotlight

Tokenism and fine sentiments will no longer do.With other professions having already leapt ahead in this area,the enduring whiteness of science is more than an embarrassment:it is a barrier to its very credibility. If a large segment of Europe?s schoolchildren never see a scientist who looks like them,they will continue to think science is not for them.And if scientists don?t reflect the multifarcial societies they live in,they?ll find it hard to win the public trust they crave.

Does color matter? You bet it does.

76. Science is not so meritocratic because___

A. it is color-blind B. it is racially diaceiminative

C. it awards wrong research workers D. it is practiced by the white exclusively 77. The embarrassing problem addressed in the passage___embarrassment

A.was proved by Newsweek magazine?s survey B.shocked government scientific panels C.was revealed by the Royal Society D.all of the above 78. One of the positive changes afoot is ___

A.funding research institutions of labs B.setting up a scientific career ladder C.hiding the racial discrimination D.belittle racial backgrounds 79. To bite the bullet of affirmative action is ___

A. to set up black role models in Europe B. to keep ethnic issues under surveillance C. to restrict fellowship and grants to the black

D. to balance the distribution of fellowship and grants between the white and the black 80.The author argues that color matters because it is of ___

A.the nature of science B.credibility in science

C.an embarrassing tokenism D.mutual trust between generations Passage,5

About 14,000 people will contract contract a bad habit contract pneumonia HIV taday.And tomorrow and the day after that, and every day for the foreseeable future.That?s 5 million by the end of the year,most of whom will be dead within a decade.

Figures like these bring home the devastating impact of AIDS and the urgent need for a cheap,effective vaccine could stop the tide of infection and stem the need for more,costly treatments.It could even help people who already have the virus stay healthy.

Back in 1990,druygs companies and researchers confidently predicted we?d have a vaccine against HIV-1 within 10