2010年4月湖南自考国际商务英语复习资料

Commercial invoice is one of the required and most commonly found documents. It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared.

34、提单是国际贸易中最重要的单证之一。有了它，合法持有者才可以到目的地提货。

Bill of lading is one of the most important documents in foreign trade ,with which the legal holder can take delivery of the goods at the port of destination.

35、常见的运输方式有水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空运输。

The widely seen modes of transport are water, rail, roads, pipe-line, and air transport.

36、运输在生产过程中起着重要的作用。一方面，它将原材料、劳动力运到所需的地方。另一方面，将中间产品运到其他厂商供生产使用或把制成品运到消费者手中。

Transportation plays an important role in production. On the one hand ,it carries raw materials and labor to the place where they are needed. On the other hand, it transports intermediate products to other producers for use in their production process, or ship the finished goods to the hands of customers. 37、保险单是投保人与承保人之间的保险契约。一旦投保人购买了保单，其特定风险就从投保人转移到承保人。

Insurance policy serves as the insurance contract between the insured and the insurer. Once the insured buys the policy, the specified risk will transfer to the insurance company from the insured. 38、由承保人从投保人处收集的保险费作为共同基金，受损方的索赔费从此基金中支付。

The premium collected by the insurer from the insured is pooled together as a fund, and the claims of those suffering losses are paid out of this fund.

39、货物保险是一种旨在将风险从进口商和出口商转移到专门承担风险的保险一方的活动。

Cargo insurance is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exporters and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriter. 40、最大诚信原则适用于各种保险，如某人要投保人寿险，他要如实告知其身体状况。

Utmost good faith applies to all kind of insurance. If a person wants to insure against life insurance, he has to tell the insurance company about his real state of health.

41、如果投保人有意隐瞒任何事情，或故意误导，其行为都被视为欺诈，因此保险合同无效。

If the insured intends to hide or mislead anything, which will be regarded as fraud, the contract is voidable. 42、在赔偿保险索赔时，凭借保险合同，保险公司将使受损人的利益恢复到发生损害前的同等状况。 In compensating claims, insurance company will restore the in-sured to the position he our she was in before a loss occurred.

43、第一次民界大战之前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来确定其货币的平价。

Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.

44、在特定条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。

Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund ,increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.

45、外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率、售出汇率和两者的平均值——中间汇率。

There are three type of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selliong rate and the average of the previous two—the medial rate.

46、国际复兴开发银行由160个国家政府所共同拥有，其贷款的主要来源是在世界资本市场上的借贷。 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is owned by the governments of 160 countries. It finances its lending operations primarily from its own borrowings in world capital market. 47、世界银行对贷款作了各项规定。它明确贷款必须以生产力为目的，必须促进发展中国的经济增长，同时还要具有偿还能力。

The World Bank has set various rules for its loaning operation. It specifies that it must lend only for productive purposes and must stimulate economic growth in the developing countries, and at the same time the loan-receiving countries must be able to repay the loan.

48、对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式，一国居民为进行监控和经营通过对外投资获取各国的资产。 Foreign direct investment is the major form of international in-vestment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.

49、控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一。而降低生产成本是考虑的一个重要方面。 Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.

50、即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率。

The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation.

51、证券所起着两个重要作用，它既是长期资本的融资市场，又是各类投资债券的交易市场。 The Stock Exchange plays two fundamental roles: one for capital raising market, one for various investment instrument market.

52、未上市的公司的股票不能在证交所或其他股票市场公开挂牌交易。

The unlisted companies can not trade their securities through the listing system at the stock exchange or other stock markets.

53、关贸总协定的总目标体现了各成员国的向往，即提高生活水平，提供充分就业，持续、稳定地增加收入和有效需求，充分利用世界资源扩大生产。

The GATT embodies the expectations of its member countries, that is ,to improve standards of living, full employment ,steady growing volume of real income and effective demand ,the full use of the world’s resources and the expansion of production.

54、乌拉圭回合和世界贸易组织的建立改变了世界贸易体系的性质。

The Uruguay Round and the establishment the WTO have shanged the character of the wold trading system.

55、尽管关贸总协定是以无判别待遇为原则的，但欠发达国家仍指责关贸总协定是只考虑发达国家利益的“富人俱乐部”。

Although the GATT is based on the principle of non-differential treatment, the less-developed countries still criticize it as a “rich men club” for the interest of the developed world.

56、采用强制性的自动补偿措施被看作解决发展中国家的贸易条件恶化问题的一种方案。

The introduction of compulsory and automatic compensatory measures is considered as a solution to solve the problem of deteriorating terms of trade in the developing countries.

57、为了促进欠发达国家的工业化进程，西方国家应开放他们的制造市场，或提供优惠关税政策。 Western countries should open up their manufacture markets or provide preferential tariffs to facilitate the industrialization process of the less-developed countries. 二、英译汉

Most companies use salesmen in the domestic market because experience has shown that a good salesman is worth the price. If it is decided to sell through an agent he should be the company’s representative and sales man in the overseas target market and be regarded as an integrate part of the company. The services provided will vary, depending on what has been agreed upon, from the most simple intermediary contract with buyers to a complete range of marketing service.

From the exporters’ point of view, one advantage of the commercial agent is that the agents’ commision is usually proportional to the sales he attained. To the principals, this means“no sale—no cost”, it is important to keep the agent continuously informed of the principal’s intention.

许多企业在国内市场都在利用推销员进行销售。经验表明，花钱雇一个好的推销员是值得的。如某一公司决定通过代理商出口，这一代理商应该是该公司在国外目标市场上的推销员员，并被视为该公司不可分割的一部分。代理服务项目各有不同，要以协议而定，从与买主的联骆到整个销售服务。

对出口商来说，利用代理商服务的好处在于：代理商的佣金是根据他的推销金额按比例支付的，也就是说，“没有销售，就没有费用”。委托人要经常使代理商明确了解自己的意图，这一点很重要。

Price and pricing policy play an important role in all marketing strategy. It is worthwhile for any exporter to pay special attention to pricing before coming to grips with overseas buyers.

Overseas purchasers are generally reputed to be professional, knowledgeable and possessing solid information as a basis for their decisions. In most cases, hey are guided in their business activities by a budget which in turn is based on direct costing. This means that to them the purchase price is but one cost element among sever-al others and that the total cost does not accrue until the goods have been sold to the next customer. It is therefore irrelevant to the purchasers whether they can lower the price by bargaining or, as an alternative, make the sellers take over part of their other other costs for the product. Such peripheral costs may include special packaging, price marking.

价格和定价政策在所有销售策略中起着很重要的作用。出口商在与国外买主接触之前特别注意定价问题是值得的。

国外买主一般都被视为熟悉专业，知识面广，掌握着其决策基础的确切信息。在大多数情况下，他们在业务活动中都是以预算作为指导，而预算又是根据直接费用制订的。这就是说，对他们来说买价只不过是诸多成本因素中的一个因素，直到货物售予下一个客户之前，总的费用不能增加。因此，是通过讨价还价降低价格，还是作为替代办法，让卖主承担产品的其他部分费用，对买主来说都没有多大关系。这样的边缘费用可能有特殊包装、价格标签，其他标志等。

The relationship between a sales person and a client is important: both parties want to feel satisfied with their deal and neither wants to feel cheated. A friendly, respectful relationship is more effective than an aggressive, competitive one.

A sales person should believe that his product has certain ad-vantage over the competition. A customer wants to be sure that he is buying a product that is good value and of high quality. No one in business is going to spend his company’s money on something they don’t really need(unlike consumers, who can sometimes be persuaded to by“useless” products like fur coats and solid gold watches!)

销售人员和客户之间关系是很重要的，双方都希望能对他们的买卖感到满意，并且没有一方希望感到被欺骗。一种友好的、相互尊重的关系要比一种攻击性和竞争性的关系更有效。