Well-being and problematic Facebook use

ComputersinHumanBehavior49(2015)185–190ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectComputersinHumanBehaviorjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbehWell-beingandproblematicFacebookuse

SeydiAhmetSaticia,?,RecepUysalbabAnadoluUniversity,EducationalFaculty,DepartmentofPsychologicalCounselingandGuidance,Eskisehir,TurkeyYildizTechnicalUniversity,EducationalFaculty,DepartmentofPsychologicalCounselingandGuidance,Istanbul,Turkeyarticleinfoabstract

Socialnetworkingsitesaregettingmorewidespreadonlinecommunicationformsallovertheworld.Especiallyadolescentsandemergingadultsusethesesitestomakeconnection,andsharesomething.Although,Facebookisoneofthemostpopularsites,researchisstillinnascentphaseontheexcessiveuseofFacebook.Hence,itisfundamentaltodeterminepotentialpredictorsofoveruseofFacebook.Thepresentstudyinvestigatedtherelationshipbetweenwell-beingandproblematicFacebookuse.Participantswere311universitystudents[179(58%)female,132(42%)male,Mage=20.86years,SD=1.61]whocompletedthequestionnairepacketincludingtheBergenFacebookAddictionScale(Andreassen,Torsheim,Brunborg,&Pallesen,2012),theSatisfactionwithLifeScale(Diener,Emmons,Larsen,&Grif?n,1985),theSubjectiveVitalityScale(Ryan&Frederick,1997),theFlourishingScale(Dieneretal.,2010),andtheSubjectiveHappinessScale(Lyubomirsky&Lepper,1999).Astepwiseregressionanalyseswasusedwithfourindependentvariables(lifesatisfaction,subjectivevitality,?ourishing,andsubjectivehappiness)toexplainvarianceinproblematicFacebookuse.Theresultsshowedthatlifesatisfaction,subjectivevitality,?ourishing,andsubjectivehappinessweresigni?cantnegativepredictorsofproblematicFacebookuse.Thesigni?canceandlimitationsoftheresultsarediscussed.ó2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Articlehistory:Availableonline17March2015Keywords:FlourishingLifesatisfactionProblematicFacebookuseSubjectivehappinessSubjectivevitality1.IntroductionIndividualsarespendingmuchmoretimeonSocialNetworkSites(SNSs)inrecentyearsandSNSsaregettingmorepopularespeciallyamongcollegestudents.Asinternet-basedservices,SNSsallowuserstoconstructapublicorsemi-publicpro?le,toidentifyalistofotheruserswithwhomaconnectionissharedandtoviewindividualconnectionsasthosemadebyothers(Boyd&Ellison,2007).FacebookisoneofthemostpopularSNSs,withoveronebillionusersworldwideand864milliondailyactiveusersonaverage(Andreassen&Pallesen,2013;Facebook,2014).LikeotherSNSsFacebookenableuserstocreateopro?le,tosharepersonalinformation,toaddcontactinformation,tosharephotos,tochatanttointeractwithothersviasomafeaturessuchaswall,like,poke,statusandevents(Nadkarni&Hoffman,2012).AccordingtoitscreatorsFacebookhelpuserstostaycon-nectedwithfriendsandfamily,todiscoverwhatisgoingonintheworld,andtoshareandexpresswhatmatterstothem(Facebook,2014).Facebookmadeabigchangeininterpersonalcommunicationandintegratedwithwebsitesandapplications.Facebookusersmayviewtheotherusers’pro?les,joingroups,likeapage,play?Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+902223350580x3453.E-mailaddress:sasatici@anadolu.edu.tr(S.A.Satici).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.0050747-5632/ó2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.games,sendmessagestoanyotherpersonandusewallfunction(Hew,2011).StudentshaveseveralmotivesforconnectingFacebooksuchaspassingtime,sexualattraction,socialconnection,sharedidentities,socialinvestigation,socialnetworksur?ng,sta-tusupdating,relationshipmaintenance,entertainmentandinfor-mationseeking(Foregger,2008;Joinson,2008;Sheldon,2008).Studentsalsomayaddlinksandsongclipsoftheirfavoritebands,postmessagesonfriends’pages,andpostandtagpicturesandvideosthroughFacebook(Zywica&Danowski,2008).TherehasbeenagrowingconcerninstudyingtheuseandeffectsofFacebook.SomeresearchadvocatestheuseofFacebookandsuggestthatFacebookmayhaveapositiveeffectoncollegestudentsandmayincreasebothteacher-studentandstudent–stu-dentinteraction(Munoz&Towner,2009).Tosun(2012)claimedthatFacebookservestothegrati?cationofmanydifferentpersonalandsocialneeds.Facebookcanhelpstudentstoformandmaintainsocialcapitalandtoexperiencemorelifesatisfactionandsocialtrustwhicharecloselyrelatedconstructswithwell-being(Ellison,Stein?eld,&Lampe,2007;Valenzuela,Park,&Kee,2009).Similarly,Johnston,Tanner,Lalla,andKawalski(2013)reportedastrongassociationbetweentheintensityofFacebookuseandperceivedbridging,bondingandmaintainedsocialcapital.Valkenburg,Peter,andSchouten(2006)indicatedthathavingposi-tivefeedbacksonFacebookpro?lemayenhanceadolescents’self-esteemandwell-being.186S.A.Satici,R.Uysal/ComputersinHumanBehavior49(2015)185–190Ontheotherhandsomeotherresearchconcernsaboutthepos-siblenegativeeffectsofFacebookuse.Itcanbedif?cultforuserstocontrolandlimittheamountoftimeonespendsonactivitiesonFacebook(Lee,Cheoung,&Thadani,2012).Thus,Facebookcanbeproblematicforsomeusers.ProblematicFacebookusewasfoundtoberelatedwithlowerself-esteem,lowersubjectivewell-being(Dentietal.,2012),severedepressionandanxiety(Koc&Gulyagci,2013).Additionally,TuranandG?ktas?(2011)demon-stratedthatstudentswhodonotuseFacebookthinkthatFacebookisawasteoftimeanddependency,andalsoitleadstoaddiction,con?dentialityproblemsandasocialpersonality.KussandGrif?ths(2011)suggestedthatexcessiveuseofSNSsontheInternetmaybeapotentialmentalhealthproblemaswellasoveruseofFacebookmaycreatepsychological,social,schooland/orworkproblemsinperson’slife(Beard&Wolf,2001).Kalpidou,Costin,andMorris(2011)evaluatedself-esteem,collegeadjust-ment,socialadjustmentandemotionaladjustmentasindicatorsofwell-beingandtheyfoundrelationshipsbetweenFacebookvari-ablesandpsychologicalwell-being.Bevan,Gomez,andSparks(2014)demonstratedthatthespendingmoretimeonSNSslikeFacebookmayreduceindividuals’qualityoflife.Similarly,SagioglouandGreitemeyer(2014)notedthatFacebookusenega-tivelyaffectspeople’smoodbecausetheyfeelliketheywastedtimeandengagedinsomethingmeaninglessbybeingactiveonFacebook.Moreover,Krossetal.(2013)discussedindividual’sfeel-ingsmomenttomomentandtheirsatisfactionlevelwiththeirlivesastwocomponentsofsubjectivewell-beingandtheyfoundthatFacebookpredicteddeclinesinthesecomponents.DespitetheplethoraofresearchongeneraluseofFacebookandproblematicinternetuse,noresearchhasexaminedtherelation-shipbetweenwell-being(ascombinationofsubjectivehappiness,subjectivevitality,lifesatisfactionand?ourishing)andproblem-aticFacebookuse.AccordingtoRyanandDeci(2001,p.141),well-being‘‘isacomplexconstructthatconcernsoptimalexperi-enceandfunctioning’’andcanbede?nedasoptimalpsychologicalfunctioning.Humanwell-beingmayberelatedtooveruseofFacebookwhichcanbeevaluatedasspeci?cformofinternetaddiction(Andreassen,Torsheim,Brunborg,&Pallesen,2012;Koc&Gulyagci,2013).Inthiscontext,thepresentstudyaimstoinves-tigatetherelationshipamongproblematicFacebookuseandsubjectivehappiness,subjectivevitality,lifesatisfactionand?our-ishingwhichhavebeenacceptedaspredictorsofwell-being.BecausepeoplewithlowsubjectivehappinessandsubjectivevitalityaremoresusceptibletooveruseofFacebook(Uysal,Satici,&Akin,2013)itwasanticipatedthattherewouldbeanega-tivecorrelationbetweenFacebookmisuse,subjectivehappinessandsubjectivevitalitythatarepredictorsofwell-being,thinkingthattheseusersspendmoretimeinFacebook.IfoveruseofFacebooklikeinternetaddictionisrelatedtolifesatisfaction(Bozoglan,Demirer,&Sahin,2013)thereshouldbeanegativecorrelationbetweenproblematicFacebookandlifesatisfactionthatisaprocessorofwell-being.Sinceseveredepressionandanxi-etypositivelypredictedFacebookaddiction(Koc&Gulyagci,2013)andstudentswhoarehighinlonelinessusethesitetocompensatefortheirlackofof?inerelationships(Skues,Williams,&Wise,2012)itwasexpectedthattherewouldbeanegativeassociationbetweenproblematicFacebookuseand?ourishingwhichisasigni?cantdeterminantofwell-being.2.Method2.1.ResearchdesignThepresentstudyusedself-administeredmeasuresandisaquantitativeresearchthatdependondescriptive-correlationaldesign.Additionally,thisstudywasstructuredtoexaminetherelationshipsbetweenwell-beingandproblematicFacebookuseasacross-sectionaldesignwhichprovidesinformationaboutthecurrentconditionofthepopulation.2.2.ParticipantsParticipantswere311[179(58%)female,132(42%)male,Mage=20.86years,SD=1.61,andagerange:18–32)universitystudentsenrolledattwodifferentmid-sizestateuniversity,Turkey.Oftheparticipants,68(22%)were?rst-yearstudents,85(27%)weresecond-yearstudents,88(28%)werethird-yearstudents,and70(22%)werefourth-yearstudents.Detailedinformationaboutparticipants’FacebookusagearepresentedinTable1.Theaveragetimespentontheinternetonatypicalweekdaywasreportedtobeas161min(SD=99.77).TheaveragenumberofFacebookfriendswascalculatedforfemale,male,andtotalas312,336,and322,respectively.Theaveragenumberofrealfriendswascalculatedforfemale,male,andtotalas33,36,and34,respec-tively.Thehighproportionoftheparticipants(78%)reportedthatifFacebookwerenotfree,theywouldnotuseit.2.3.MeasuresBergenFacebookAddictionScalewasadministeredtomeasureparticipants’problematicFacebookuselevelinthecurrentstudy.Inaddition,theSatisfactionwithLifeScale,FlourishingScale,SubjectiveHappinessScale,andSubjectiveVitalityScalewereusedtomeasurewell-being.Turkishversionsofthesescaleswereused.InformationabouttheresearchersthatadaptedscalestoTurkishandreliabilityandvalidityscoresofadaptedmeasuresweregivenbelow.2.3.1.BergenFacebookAddictionScale(BFAS;Andreassenetal.,2012)TheBFASconsistsof18items(e.g.,BecomeirritableifyouhavebeenprohibitedfromusingFacebook?)andeachitemwaspre-senteda5-pointadjectivescale(1:Veryrarelyto5:Veryoften)scale.TheCronbachalphacoef?cientoftheoriginalformwas.83.TurkishadaptationofthisscalehadbeendonebyAkinetal.(2013).Accordingtocon?rmatoryfactoranalysisindicatedthatthescalewaswell?t(x2=291.88,df=118,p<0.001,RMSEA=.061,CFI=.95,GFI=.92,IFI=.95,andSRMR=.040).Findings(Akinetal.,2013)demonstratedthatBFAShadvalidityandreliabilityscoresandthatitmaybeusedasavalidandreliableinstrumentinordertomeasureproblematicFacebookuse.Theinternalconsistencyreliabilitycoef?cientoftheTurkishBFASwas.93.2.3.2.TheSatisfactionwithLifeScale(SWLS,Diener,Emmons,Larsen,&Grif?n,1985)TheSWLSconsistsof?veitems(e.g.,SofarIhavegottentheimportantthingsIwantinlife)andeachitemwaspresenteda7-pointLikert(1:stronglydisagreeto7:stronglyagree).Asumofallscoresyieldsatotalscorethatrangesfrom5to35;ahigherscoreindicatesahigherlifesatisfactionlevel.TurkishadaptationofthisscalehadbeendonebyDurak,Senol-Durak,andGencoz(2010).AccordingtoDuraketal.(2010)study’scon?rmatoryfactoranalysisindicatedthatthescalewaswell?t(x2/df=2.026,IFI=.994,TLI=.987,CFI=.994,SRMR=.020,andRMSEA=.043).Theinternalconsistencyreliabilitycoef?cientoftheTurkishSWLSwas.81.2.3.3.FlourishingScale(Dieneretal.,2010)Thescaleconsistsof8items(e.g.,Iactivelycontributetothehappinessandwell-beingofothers)andeachitemisscoredona1–7scalethatrangesfromstrongdisagreementtostrongS.A.Satici,R.Uysal/ComputersinHumanBehavior49(2015)185–190Table1

Participants’descriptivestatistics.

FemaleMNumberofFacebookfriendsNumberofreallifefriendsMinutesofinternetusage312.2233.27145.14SD184.4331.8685.56n(%)MaleM336.9236.39184.55SD223.6433.41112.71n(%)TotalM322.7034.60161.86SD202.0332.5199.77n(%)187IfFacebookisnotfreeUseit43(24%)Notuseit136(76%)agreement.Asumofallscoreyieldsatotalscorerangesfrom8to56andhigherscoreindicatedthatrespondentsviewthemselvesinpositivetermsinimportantareasoffunctioning.Turkishadapta-tionofthisscalehadbeendonebyTelef(2013).Accordingtocon-?rmatoryfactoranalysisindicatedthatthescalewaswell?t(x2=92.90,df=20,RMSEA=.08,NFI=.94,CFI=.95,IFI=.95,RFI=.92,GFI=.96,andSRMR=.04).Theinternalconsistencyrelia-bilitycoef?cientofthescalewas.80(Telef,2013).2.3.4.SubjectiveHappinessScale(SHS,Lyubomirsky&Lepper,1999)TheSHSconsistsoffouritems(e.g.,Comparedtomostofmypeers,Iconsidermyself)andeachitemwaspresenteda7-pointLikert(1:veryunhappyto7:veryhappy).Atotalscorethatrangesfrom4to28;ahigherscoreindicatesahighersubjectivehappi-ness.TurkishadaptationofthisscalehadbeendonebyAkinandSatici(2011).Accordingtocon?rmatoryfactoranalysisindicatedthatthescalewaswell?t(RMSEA=.000,NFI=.99,CFI=1.00,IFI=1.00,RFI=.98,GFI=1.00,AGFI=.99andSRMR=.015).Theinternalconsistencyreliabilitycoef?cientoftheTurkishSHSwasfoundas.86(Akin&Satici,2011).2.3.5.SubjectiveVitalityScale(SVS,Ryan&Frederick,1997)Thescaleconsistof7items(e.g.,Inearlyalwaysfeelawakeandalert)andeachitemsrangingfrom1(notatalltrue)to7(verytrue).Yieldtotalscoresfrom7to49wherehigherscoresindicatemoresubjectivevitality.TurkishadaptationofthisscalehadbeendonebyAkin,Satici,Arslan,Akin,andKayis(2012).Accordingtocon?rmatoryfactoranalysisindicatedthatthescalewaswell?t(RMSEA=.047,NFI=.99,CFI=1.00,IFI=1.00,RFI=1.00,GFI=.99,andAGFI=.96).Theinternalconsistencyreliabilitycoef?cientoftheTurkishSVSwasfoundas.84(Akinetal.,2012).2.4.ProcedureThedatacollectiontoolsappliedinonesessioninspringtermof2013–2014academicyear.Researchersinformedallthepartici-pantsabouttheobjectivesofthestudyjustbeforetheadministra-tionofmeasures.Participantscompletedtheinstrumentsapproximately20min.Alltheparticipantshaveparticipatedvoluntarilyandwerefreeto?lloutthedataset.Researchersencouragedparticipantstoremarktheirownaffectsandideasandtokeeptheiranswerscon?dential.Questionnaireswerecompletedanonymouslyandcon?dentialitywasguaranteed.Thequestionnaireswereadministeredtothestudentsintheclassroomenvironment.Conveniencesamplingwasusedforselectingparticipants.Onebookletwhichinvolvesthedatacollectiontoolswasgivento327studentsandtheycompletedthemeasuresdatabut16ofthemwereexcludedbecauseofmissingdata.Analysiswasconductedwith311datawhichrepresents95%of?rstandtherestofadministration.Inadditiontodatacollectiontoolspersonalinfor-mationformwhichincludesquestionsaboutdemographicinfor-mationofparticipants,numberofFacebookfriends,numberofrealfriends,dailyInternetusetimeandtheirideaabout25(19%)68(22%)107(81%)243(78%)Facebookuseifitisnotfreewasalsoaddedtobooklet.Theinstrumentswerecounterbalancedineach50administrationtocounterbalance.2.5.StatisticalanalysisThecorrelationcoef?cientandstepwisemultipleregressionanalysiswereusedinthecurrentstudytoexaminetherelation-shipbetweenproblematicFacebookuseandwell-being.Priortoanalysis,assumptionswerechecked.TotalscoresthatobtainedfromBFASwereusedtodeterminetheproblematicFacebookusewhichisthedependentvariableofthestudy.ThereareseveralstudieswhichtotalscoresthatobtainedfromBFASwasusedasquantitativevariable(e.g.,Andreassenetal.,2012;Uysaletal.,2013).TotalscoreswhichobtainedfromtheSatisfactionwithLifeScale,theSubjectiveVitalityScale,theFlourishingScaleandtheSubjectiveHappinessScalewereusedtodeterminewell-beingwhichistheindependentvariableofthestudy.3.ResultsBasicdescriptivestatisticsforallstudyvariablesofinterestarepresentedinTable2.InTable3,thezero-orderinter-correlationsamongthesesamevariables.Meanscoresindicatethatthepartici-pantstendedtoexhibitamoderatelevelofproblematicFacebookuse(M=32.43,SD=14.83)andlifesatisfaction(M=21.75,SD=6.31).Besides,itcanbesaidthatmeansscoresofparticipantsdisplayrelativelyhighlevelof?ourishing(M=42.71,SD=9.14),subjectivehappiness(M=19.38,SD=4.94),andsubjectivevitality(M=34.12,SD=10.37).Table3,presentsthecorrelationalrelationsamongstudyvari-ables.ProblematicFacebookusewasnegativelycorrelatedwithlifeTable2

Descriptivestatisticsforstudyvariables.Variable#ItemsRangeMSDaProblematicFacebookuse1818–8732.4314.83.92Lifesatisfaction55–3521.756.31.78Flourishing810–5642.719.14.87Subjectivehappiness44–2819.384.94.74Subjectivevitality77–4934.1210.37.88Table3

Zero-ordercorrelationsamongstudyvariables.VariablesTotalparticipant123451.ProblematicFacebookuse–2.Lifesatisfactionà.324**–3.Flourishingà.287**.317**–4.Subjectivehappinessà.320**.369**.277**–5.Subjectivevitalityà.319**.306**.285**.504**–**p<.01.188S.A.Satici,R.Uysal/ComputersinHumanBehavior49(2015)185–1902p322s000...845111r...pààà**13.8*****1438)156101...334322198.3,tààà01134...1(85521111....bàààà*81E399.2S100...à4p2243e4221t....SBàààà2p4429s0001....11602214r....pàààà**65.2******2270)779901...13433287.3,tààà1133..1(116221...bàààE389S100...3p906e432t...SBààà2p65s00..5422r..pàà**49.8****252)54501..8364455.3,tàà1132..1(5422..bààE38S10..2p95e53t..SBàànoi*t*a2l0er.6rotàclai*t*r0a2p.6i.e3ms6)eu20s5201k300.3do.114,1erobà..1(bauecqaE3sFS1.=c2i1pta6smpe7,.netolSBàibtoalrpsesrrreoynofticsnilpltoapalitiutiatrscveagharfenepsvineiiltthvi=..)obacstdr51ic2fi4aserepsRd00..,ijsrebujbjn:<