江苏省苏锡常镇四市2019届高三教学情况调研（二）英语试题

48. A. yet

B. even B. success B. hold B. gap

C. still C. point C. admit C. last

D. also D. joke

D. expect

49. A. promise 51. A. afford 52. A. middle 53. A. winning 55. A. learn

50. A. interacting with

B. frightening away C. going through D. dealing with

D. initial

D. arranging

D. instructed

B. criticizing

B. troubled B. agree

C. quitting

C. attracted

54. A. motivated

C. refuse D. choose

第三部分: 阅读理解 (共15小题; 每小题2分, 满分30分)

请认真阅读下列短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。

A TEDx is a global program that is brought to life by thousands of individuals all over the world. By organizing a TEDx event, you can create a unique gathering in your community that will unleash (释放) new ideas, inspire and inform. Here, you’ll find the complete set of rules for organizing a TEDx event, from start to finish. The rules are non-negotiable and mandatory (强制的) for all TEDx event organizers because it’s both our job and yours to maintain the integrity of the TEDx vision. Spirit/purpose: Your event must maintain the spirit of TED itself: focused on the power of ideas to change attitudes, lives and ultimately, the world. TEDx events are not single-topic driven. Length: Your event may not exceed one day in length. Location: TED allocates one location-based license series per applicant; you must live in the city for which you are applying for a license. Your TEDx event must happen in the city for which you received the license. Funds: You may not use your event to make money. You may not use your event to raise funds for charities or other organizations. Admission: Based on approval from TED, you can charge an attendance fee for a TEDx event featuring live speakers. In order to charge an admission fee, you must first submit your proposed ticket price for approval from TED. Attendance: Up to 100 individuals may attend your event. Only individuals who have attended an official TED conference may organize an event with more than 100 attendees. Having attended one or multiple TEDx events or TEDWomen does not qualify you to host an event for more than 100 guests. Naming: TEDx events are named after locations, such as cities, neighborhoods, streets etc, and aim to serve that named community. Event names must comply with the guidelines laid out in Naming your event. 56. According to the rules, a TEDx event organizer is supposed to ________. A. extend the event to one day C. focus on one TED topic

B. host the event in different cities D. name the event after locations

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57. Who is qualified to host a TEDx event for over 100 guests?

A. An organization which intends to make some money for charities. B. An individual who has submitted his proposed ticket price. C. A person who has attended an official TED conference. D. A woman who has attended numerous TEDx events.

B

Computer power is moving into the “cloud”—networks of data centres that use the Internet to supply all kinds of services, from e-mail and social networks to data storage and analysis.

The rise of cloud computing is rapid and causing huge changes in the tech industry. The old guard is suffering: this week’s $67 billion merger (合并) between Dell and EMC, makers of computers and storage devices respectively (分别), was a marriage forced by the rise of the cloud. Disruptive (捣乱的) newcomers are blooming: if Amazon’s cloud-computing unit were a stand-alone public company, it would probably be worth almost as much as Dell and EMC combined.

The gains for customers have been equally dramatic. Compared with older IT systems, cloud computing is often much cheaper. It adds tremendous flexibility: firms that need more computing capacity no longer have to spend weeks adding new servers and installing software. In the cloud they can get hold of it in minutes. Their applications can be updated continually, rather than just every few months. Individual users can reach their e-mails, files and photos from any device. And cloud services also tend to be more secure, since providers know better than their customers how to protect their computing systems against hackers.

But cloud computing makes one problem worse. In the old IT world, once a firm or a consumer had decided on an operating system or database, it was difficult and costly to switch to another. In the cloud this “lock-in” is even worse. Cloud providers go to great lengths to make it easy to upload data. They accumulate huge amounts of complex information, which cannot easily be moved to an alternative provider.

Cloud firms also create a world of interconnected services, software and devices, which is convenient but only for as long as you don’t venture (冒险) outside their universe. Being locked in to a provider is risky. Firms can start to tighten the screws by increasing prices. If a cloud provider goes bust (崩溃), its customers may have trouble getting back their data.

These risks have already caused a debate about whether the cloud needs stricter regulation. Some European politicians want to force cloud providers to ensure that data can be moved between them. That is too heavy-handed, because strict rules will inhibit (阻碍) innovation in what is still a young industry. The history of computing suggests that common standards may well appear naturally in response to customers’ demands—just as in personal computers, where it is now much easier to use the same files on different systems.

In the meantime, a few commonsense measures can reduce the risk of lock-in. Firms that use more than one cloud provider to host their data are less affected. So are those that keep their most important information in their own data centres. Consumers can take precautions, too. Some services are better than others at enabling users to move data between providers (Google does well on this score). Cloud computing

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promises its users many benefits, but don’t mistake it for some sort of digital heaven. 58. The author takes “the merger between Dell and EMC” for example to show ________. A. the influence of cloud computing on computer and storage device makers B. the miserable sufferings of old computer companies C. the rapid development of new computer companies D. the interaction between old companies and newcomers

59. With wide applications of cloud computing customers can ________. A. pay less for the older IT systems

B. gain more computing capacity quickly

C. know better about defeating the hackers D. install software within weeks 60. The problem of “lock-in” can be dangerous because ________. A. it should ensure data can easily be moved to another provider B. it can create a network of services connected with devices C. it may make it difficult for customers to recover their data D. it will discourage an argument about stricter rules 61. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ________. A. the European politicians’ advice is perfect B. customers’ demands play a role in setting standards

C. lock-in is caused by firms’ storing information in their own centres D. Google enables users to provide services and move data

62. Which of the following sayings can best express the main idea of the passage? A. Everything has its time and that time must be watched. B. The grass looks greener on the other side of the fence. C. A candle lights others and consumes itself.

D. Every white has its black, and every sweet has its sour.

C

Scientists have exactly discovered the set of brain cells involved in making risky decisions, and have been able to control them in rats using targeted light. By changing the activity of the cells they were able to change the behaviour of risk-taking rats to avoid risk, hinting the approach could in future be used to treat people with impulse (冲动) control problems.

Risk-taking is a key part of survival, knowing when to take a chance could pay off—such as moving to a new area to look for food when pickings are slim.

While all animals need an element of risk, the preference towards it varies between individuals. Researchers found this variation, which determines how risk-averse an individual is, is regulated by brain cells in a region of the brain called the nucleus accumbens. This cluster of neurons releases the neurotransmitter dopamine, which regulates the brain’s reward and pleasure centres.

Previous studies have shown that in patients with Parkinson’s disease, taking medication which blocks specific dopamine receptors (DR2) (受体) leads to increased gambling (赌博) behaviour and risk taking behaviour. In studies with rats, researchers were able to use a technique called optogenetics (光遗传学)—

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which uses light sensitive proteins to change the activity of cells—to modify cells with DR2 in the nucleus accumbens.

Rats were trained to choose one of two levers, offering them a choice between a “safe” or “risky” choice. The safe option resulted in a small, but consistent amount of a sugar water treat. But the risky choice consistently delivered smaller amounts of sugar water, with the occasional large pay off—essentially encouraging the animals to gamble for a bigger prize. Around two-thirds of the animals weren’t keen on risk, opting for the safe option, but the remaining third were risk-seekers. Brain scans of the animals showed that those with low levels of DR2 consistently went for the gamble.

But using pulses of light to stimulate (刺激) the DR2 cells and improve their activity could cause the risk-takers to play it safe and opt for the guaranteed but less rewarding option. Once the light-pulses stopped, the risk-takers returned to their gambling strategy.

In the risk-averse animals, stimulating the same cells had little to no effect.

Professor Karl Deisseroth, of Stanford University in California, said: “Humans and rats have similar brain structures involved.”And we found a drug known to increase risk preference in people had the same effect on the rats. So every indication is that these findings are relevant to humans. “Risky behavior has its moments where it’s valuable. As a species, we wouldn’t have come as far as we have without it.” 63. The variation in people’s preference towards risks is directly regulated by ________. A. nucleus accumbens B. light sensitive proteins C. neurons D. dopamine 64. From the experiment with rats, we can conclude that ________. A. the lack of DR2 cells results in a safe option B. the levels of DR2 have little to do with their choices C. the high levels of DR2 can make animals avoid risks D. the risky choice is a less rewarding option

65. The underlined words in Paragraph 7 most likely mean the animals that are ________. A. willing to take big risks C. fond of gambling strategy

B. reluctant to take risks D. afraid of receiving stimulation

66. What can be inferred from what Professor Karl Deisseroth said? A. Humans and rats differ in their preference for risk-taking. B. Too much risk-taking can do more harm than good.

C. Risk-taking can be used to treat people with impulse control problems. D. Risk-taking is a means of survival and brings higher returns to humans.

D

Wisconsin has long been home to incredibly successful research and innovation thanks to our famous academic research institutions and some of the brightest scientific minds. From discovering how Vitamin D can best be absorbed, to unlocking the potential of stem cells, Wisconsin has pioneered remarkable breakthroughs in science that have improved health, saved lives and created jobs. These scientific breakthroughs have not only led to life-saving medical technologies but also have fostered (培育) a strong power in Wisconsin economy.

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