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at table--- at the table\\ in class---- in the class \\by sea---- by the sea \\a number of ---- the number of*两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。*如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。 He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。 四、冠词的位置1、不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: 1.)位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,
I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.
2.). 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a way. 3.) quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。 quite a nice picture 2、定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。 All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
形容词和副词
一、形容词的用法:形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在系动词后面作表语。 1.直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
That’s a heavy box.(定语) He’s very happy to come here.(表语) The good news made me very happy.(宾语补足语)
2.有些形容词是表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。例如:afraid 害怕的 alone单独,独自 asleep睡着的 ill生病的 He is an ill man. (错) The man is ill. (对) She is an afraid girl.(错) The girl is afraid. (对) 这类形容词还有:well,(身体)好的unwell(身体)不舒适的,alike相象的,alive活着的, awake醒着的。
3.形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody 等不定代词时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice
1.)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly友好的,lovely可爱的,lonely孤单的,lively热闹的,
有生气的,活泼的,等仍为形容词。
She sang lovely. (错) ------ Her singing was lovely. (对)
He spoke to me very friendly.(错)------ He spoke to me in a very friendly way. -(对)
* politely, truly, terribly2)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 如:The poor are losing hope. 3) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4.)多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table a dirty old brown shirt
a tall gray building a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car
二、副词的用法:用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词,在句中做状语。三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式:
1)单音节形容词及部分双音节次加-er, est
2)部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more, most或less, least构成. 3)不规则变化形式:
原 级 good / well bad / badly / ill many / much little far old 比 较 级 better worse more less farther / further older / elder 最 高 级 best worst most least farthest / furthest oldest / eldest
2.使用比较级时要注意的问题:
1) 在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰: much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等
数词 + 量词也可以修饰比较级 如:He is two years younger than I.
还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。This room is twice as big as that one. 2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a, an a / an + 比较级 + 名词 How fast he runs. I’ve never seen a better runner.
比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers. 4) than 后面可以用主格,也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。
I’m taller than he / him. I like the boy than her.--------I like the boy than she. 3.比较级的常见句型:
1.)比较级 + and + 比较级 越来越…… 2.) the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…. 越…,就越… 3.)as…as 和……一样;
not as / so …as和……不一样;不如…(中间用形容词或副词的原级) 4.) like …. better than … 和……相比更喜欢……
5.)prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 宁可……也不…. prefer to do sth. \\\\prefer doing sth to doing sth. 6.) more B than A 与其说A,不如说B less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work. 7.) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you. 8.) more than 不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all.
介 词
介词不能单独使用,必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语,在句中做表语,定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法,通常可以分为:时间、地点、趋向和其他四类介词。 一、表示时间的介词:
(1) at 示时刻、时间的某一点 at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment
on 具体的某一天on Sunday, on Friday afternoon, on a cold morning, on the morning of … ;on March 12th, 2005
in 示周、月、季节、年以及泛指的上、下午,晚上 in spring, in 2004,in the morning, *在his, last,that, next, every 等词前面不用介词this afternoon, last Sunday, every morning 区别:next week -------- the next week (2) by“在……前” 多和完成时态连用
till“直到……才” I’ll wait here till you come back.
until“不到……就不” 常和until连用 I’ll not leave until you come back. (3) in 过……以后, 大多用于将来时 after 多用于过去时
(4) since + 过去的一个时间点 (表示时间段, 从……开始到现在) for + 一段时间
二、表示场所、方向的介词:
(1)at 表示比较具体的地点 at 37 Renming Road in 表示比较宽敞的地点 in Renming Street
(2)above斜上方-------below斜下方 over正上方-------under正下方 on 两物体有接触
(3) between…and..在……和……之间 among在……中间(三者以上) (4) across (从物体表面)跨越, 越过 through (从物体中间)穿透, 穿越 (5) in 在……里面(表示静止的位置)
into 进入,表示运动方向,常用在表示动作的动词之后,如go, come, walk, jump, run 等into的反义词是out of
(6) to 到 (目底地)或方向
towards 指朝着某方向,而不是目的地.He walked towards the beach. 三、其它介词
1.with (1)在一起; (2)有; (3)用某种工具 in 用什么材料或语言,或表示衣着,声调特点等 by 用......手段 2. like 象......一样 as 作为;按照,象......一样(连词)+ 句子 3. for(1)为了(表示目的或原因) (2)(后面加一段时间)表示时间段
动 词一、动词的分类:根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(行
为动词)、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。1.实义动词有完整的词义,能单独做谓语.根据用法,可分为及物动词(vt.后面直接跟名词或代词作宾语)和不及物动词(vi不能直接跟名词或代词,加宾语时必须加介词)。同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
但也有一些动词只能用做及物动词,如:visit, ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry, discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等.
而下列一些动词通常情况下只能用做不及物动词:reply (to), return (to), point (to, at), knock (at, on, into), wait (for), listen (to), arrive (at, to), fall (down, off), look (at, after…) 2.连系动词(Link Verb)它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的连系动词有:be, feel,become, look, smell,seem, taste, sound, keep,其它一些可以和形容词连用的动词也属于连系动词:fall ill / asleep,grow worse,turn red, get lost,keep healthy等 3.助动词:本身没有词义,不能单独作句子的谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语.主要帮助句子构成否定、疑问以及动词的不同时态、语态等语法特征。常见的助动词有:be, do (does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。 4.情态动词:本身有一定的词义,单不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟其它动词的原形,表示说话人的语气和态度;常见的情态动词有:can (could), may(might), must, need 等。
(1) can *能,会(表示能力); *请求许可 can’t be 不可能 could: can的过去式,但有时表示委婉的语气。 (2) may *可能(可能性); *可以(请求许可,相当于can); *表示祝愿 May you be happy! May you succeed!
might * may的过去式; *表示可能性(但可能性比may小) (3) must 必须,应该 mustn’t 禁止 must be 肯定, 一定
(4) need 需要(一般用于否定句或疑问句,肯定句中一般用做实义动词) needn’t (= don’t have to)没必要
二、动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third
Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。 三、动词的时态: 时 态 结 构 时 态 结 构 一般现在时 动词原形(第三人称单数) 一般过去时 动词的过去式 现在进行时 am / is / are+动词的 过去进行时 was / were+动词的 一般将来时 will +动词原形 过去将来时 would+动词原形 am/ is / are going to+动词was / were going to+动词原形 原形 现在完成时 have / has +过去分词 过去完成时 had+过去分词 *各种时态的用法省略 *go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等动词的进行时态可以表示对应的将来时态。 *表示过去经常发生而现在不再做的事情用used to do
四、动词的被动语态
1.用法:动作的承受者作句子的主语。基本结构:be + 过去分词 掌握下列一些常见结构:
1)一般现在时态:am / is / are + 过去分词 2)一般过去时:was / were + 过去分词
3)现在完成时:have / has been + 过去分词
4)一般将来时:will be +过去分词或者be going to be +过去分词 2.含情态动词的被动语态结构:情态动词 + be + 过去分词
3.动词不定式的被动语态结构:to + be + 过去分词 There are twenty more trees to be planted. 4. 下列动词的主动语态表示被动语态。miss(丢失), sell well(销路好), need / want doing My bike is missing. This kind of food sells well. Your coat needs watering.
5. happen, take place发生, last(持续), cost, hold(容纳), have, like, feel, sound(听起来)等动词 没有被动形式。 Great changes have taken place in our school. The water can last three days. Silk feels soft and smooth. The cake looks nice. An accident happened to him.
五、动词不定式:由to + 动词原形构成,没有人称和数的变化,有时to可以省略。在句中 除了不能做谓语外,能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语,构成不定式短语。 1、动词不定式的句法功能:
*做主语。常用It + be + 形容词+ ( of / for sb. ) + to do sth.结构。 of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等 for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等
*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面,若主语很长而表语很短,可以将两者颠倒过来。 His job is to sell the computers. He seems to be interested in the detective stories. *做状语。表目的:She was here to visit her daughter. 表原因:I’m sorry to trouble you.
表结果:The box is too heavy to carry. 表示程度:This room is big enough to hold 200 people. *做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系,这个不定式应 为及物的。如:I was the first to come. I have no pens to write with. (动宾关系) *做宾语。常见的动词有:want, agree, choose, try, decide, hope, wish, learn, fail, would like to do sth. *做宾语补足语。 1.)必须使用 to的动词有:ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow, wait for, teach, would like, allow sb. to do sth. 2.)不能使用to的动词有:have, make, let; see, watch, hear, notice sb. do sth 注意:在主动语态中,to 要省略;而在被动语态中,to 必须加上 3.)可以使用to,也可以不用的动词:help
*疑问词(除why外) + 动词不定式 (what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.) 2. 下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词(动词的 –ing 形式)作宾语:
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