2008年全国监理工程师考试建设工程合同管理真题及答案

Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand 2008年度全国监理工程师执业资格考试试卷

建设工程合同管理

一、单项选择题（共50题，每题1分。每题的备选项中，只有1个最符合题意）

1．委托监理合同法律关系的客体是（ ）。 A．监理工程 B．监理服务 C．监理规划 D．监理投标方案 答案：B

解析：P5 合同法律关系客体包括物、行为和智力成果。法律意义上的行为是指人的有意识的活动。在合同法律关系中，行为多表现为完成一定的工作。监理合同中监理服务是监理单位应完成的工作，属于法律关系的客体。

2．我国《建设工程施工合同（示范文本）》规定，建筑工程一切险的投保人应当是（ ）。 A．施工合同的发包人 B．施工合同的承包人 C．施工合同发包人和承包人

D．工程项目的代建方和施工合同的发包人 答案：A

解析：P14 在国外，建筑工程一切险投保人一般是承包人。我国的《建设工程施工合同（示范文本）》规定，工程开工前，发包人应当为建设工程办理保险，支付保险费用。

3．建设工程合同的公证和鉴证，在法律上的相同之处是（ ）。 A．性质相同，都是国家行政机关对工程合同按照法定程序进行审查

B．效力相同，即经过法定程序公证和鉴证的合同可以作为人民法院认定事实的依据 C．适用范围相同，即在国内国外均可采用鉴证和公证任何一种合同审查方式 D．申请原则相同，都是合同当事人自愿决定是否进行合同的鉴证和公证 答案：D

解析：P20 合同公证与鉴证的相同点：合同公证与鉴证，除另有规定外，都实行自愿申请原则。故选项D正确。

选项A错误，合同公证与鉴证的性质不同：合同鉴证是工商行政管理机关依据《合同鉴证办法》行使的行政管理行为。而合同公证则是司法行政管理机关领导下的公证机关依据《公证暂行条例》行使公证权所作出的司法行政行为。

选项B错误，合同公证与鉴证的效力不同：经过公证的合同其法律效力高于经过鉴证的合同。 选项C错误，合同公证与鉴证的法律效力的适用范围不同：公证作为司法行政行为，按照国际惯例，在我国域内和域外都有法律效力。而鉴证作为行政管理行为，其效力只能限于我国国内。

4．某小型施工项目，甲乙双方只订立了口头合同。工程完工后，因甲方拖欠乙方工程款而发生纠纷，应当认定该合同（ ）。 A．未成立 B．补签后成立

manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that is Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand C．成立

D．备案登记后成立 答案：C

解析：P25 《合同法》规定的合同形式的不要式原则的一个重要体现在于，即使法律、行政法规规定或当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同，当事人未采用书面形式，但一方已经履行了主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。

5．依据《合同法》的规定，下列文件中，属于要约的是（ ）。 A．招标公告 B．投标书 C．寄送的价目表 D．招股说明书 答案：B

解析：P27 要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示。要约必须是对相对人发出的行为，必须由相对人承诺，虽然相对人的人数可能为不特定的多数人。另外，要约必须具备合同的一般条款。 要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。要约邀请并不是合同成立过程中的必经过程，它是当事人订立合同的预备行为，在法律上无须承担责任。这种意思表示的内容往往不确定，不含有合同得以成立的主要内容．也不含相对人同意后受其约束的表示。比如价目表的寄送、招标公告、商业广告、招股说明书等，即是要约邀请。

6．甲将工程机械借给乙使用，乙却将该工程机械卖给丙。依据我国《合同法》的规定，乙丙之间买卖工程机械合同的效力是（ ）。 A．有效 B．无效 C．效力待定 D．可变更或撤销 答案：C

解析：P33 该题情况属于无处分权人处分他人财产订立的合同，属于效力待定的合同的一种，一般情况下是无效的。但是，在下列两种情况下合同有效：（1）无处分权人处分他人财产，经权利人追认，订立的合同有效；（2）无处分权人通过订立合同取得处分权的合同有效。

7．下列有关合同履行中行使代位权的说法，正确的是（ ）。 A．债权人必须以债务人的名义行使代位权 B．债权人代位权的行使必须取得债务人的同意 C．代位权行使的费用由债权人自行承担

D．债权人代位权的行使必须通过诉讼程序，且范围以其债权为限 答案：D

解析：P39 代位权是合同不当履行中的保全措施中的一种，是指因债务人怠于行使其到期债权，对债权人造成损害，债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义（选项A错误）代位行使债务人的债权（选项B错误）。但该债权专属于债务人时不能行使代位权。代位权的行使范围以债权人债权为限（选项D正确），其发生的费用由债务人承担（选项C错误）。

8．乙订立合同，规定甲应于2007年8月1日交货，乙应于同年8月7日付款。月底，甲发现乙财产状况恶化，已没有支付货款的能力，并有确切证据，遂提出终止合同，但乙未允。基于上述

manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that isManipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this roboto get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand 情况，甲于8月1日未按约定交货。依照《合同法》的原则，下列关于甲行为的论述中，正确的是（ ）。

A．甲必须按合同约定交货，但可以要求乙提供相应的担保 B．甲有权不按合同约定交货，除非乙提供了相应的担保 C．甲必须按合同约定交货，但可以仅先交付部分货物 D．甲应按合同约定交货，如乙不支付货款可追究其违约责任 答案：B

解析：P39 本题中甲的做法属于的范畴。先履行抗辩权又称不安抗辩权，是指合同中约定了履行的顺序，合同成立后发生了应当后履行合同一方财务状况恶化的情况，应当先履行合同一方在对方未履行或者提供担保前权拒绝先为履行。本题甲属于应当先履行合同一方，其发现乙财产状况恶化，已没有支付货款的能力，并有确切证据，因此甲在乙未履行或者提供担保前权拒绝先为履行。

9．某工程施工合同的发包人拖欠工程进度款，承包人按照合同的约定及时调整了施进度，放慢施工速度。依照《合同法》的规定，承包人行使的是（ ）。 A．不安抗辩权 B．先履行抗辩权 C．同时履行抗辩权 D．后履行抗辩权 答案：C

解析：P38 本题属于同时履行抗辩权的使用。同时履行抗辩权是指当事人互负债务，没有先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。同时履行抗辩权包括：①一方在对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行要求；②一方在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。该题中发包人拖欠工程进度款，承包人可以放慢施工速度，甚至停止施工。所产生的后果，由违约方承担。

10．某工程招标中，投标文件的内容未完全响应招标文件，但仍属于有效投标文件的情况是（ ）。

A．联合体投标没有提交联合体协议书 B．投标工期长于招标文件中要求的工期 C．投标保函金额少于招标文件的要求 D．未详细说明使用专利施工的技术细节 答案：D

解析：P58-59 在开标时，如果发现投标文件出现下列情形之一，应当作为无效投标文件，不再进入评标：（1）投标文件未按照招标文件的要求予以密封；（2）投标文件中的投标函未加盖投标人的企业及企业法定代表人印章，或者企业法定代表人委托代理人没有合法、有效的委托书（原件）及委托代理人印章；（3）投标文件的关键内容字迹模糊、无法辨认；（4）投标人未按照招标文件的要求提供投标保证金或者投标保函；（选项C）（5）组成联合体投标的，投标文件未附联合体各方共同投标协议。（选项A）因此，选项A、C属于在开标时就视为无效的投标。 在评标时，所有存在重大偏差的投标文件都属于初评阶段应该淘汰的投标书。未作实质性响应的重大偏差包括：（1）没有按照招标文件要求提供投标担保或者所提供的投标担保有瑕疵；（2）没有按照招标文件要求由投标人授权代表签字并加盖公章；（3）投标文件记载的招标项目完成期限超过招标文件规定的完成期限；（选项B）（4）明显不符合技术规格、技术标准的要求；（5）投标文件记载的货物包装方式、检验标准和方法等不符合招标文件的要求；（6）投标附有招标人不能接受的条件；（7）不符合招标文件中规定的其他实质性要求。因此，选项B属于在初

manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that isManipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand 评时视为无效的投标。

11．根据《合同法》对违约责任的规定，既具有对合同守约方给予补偿，又具有对违约方实行制裁双重性质的承担违约责任的方式是（ ）。 A．罚金 B．利息 C．赔偿金 D．违约金 答案：D

解析：P46 承担违约责任的方式包括继续履行、采取补救措施、赔偿损失、支付违约金、定金罚则五种。本题中A、B、C选项的提法均不属于《合同法》对违约责任的规定中承担违约责任的方式。（注：本题在2004年曾经考过。）

12．甲公司与乙公司订立了一份总货款额为20万元的设备供货合同。合同约定的违约金为货款总值的10％。同时，甲公司向乙公司给付定金5000元，后乙公司违约，给甲公司造成损失2万元。乙公司应依法向甲公司支付（ ）。 A．2万元 B．2.5万元 C．3万元 D．3.5万元 答案：A

解析：P46 合同法规定承担违约责任的方式包括继续履行、采取补救措施、赔偿损失、支付违约金、定金罚则五种。本题实际考核应采取赔偿损失、支付违约金、定金罚则三种中的哪一种。 在赔偿损失方式中规定，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，这种方式是承担违约责任的主要方式。（根据此种方式本题应赔偿2万元）

在支付违约金方式中规定，违约金与赔偿损失不能同时采用，如果当事人约定了违约金，则应当按照支付违约金承担违约责任。（根据此种方式本题应赔偿20×10%=2万元）

在定金罚则中规定，当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或定金条款。但是，这两种责任不能合并使用。（本题定金5000元少于造成损失） 综上，本题应采取支付违约金方式承担违约责任，乙公司应依法向甲公司支付违约金2万元。

13．建设工程施工合同纠纷第一审案件的管辖地为（ ）。 A．工程项目投资人所在地 B．工程项目承包人所在地 C．工程项目发包方所在地 D．工程项目所在地 答案：D

解析：P50 建设工程合同纠纷的管辖，既涉及地域管辖，也涉及级别管辖。地域管辖是指同级人民法院在受理第一审建设工程合同纠纷的权限分工。对于建设工程合同一般都适用不动产所在地的专属管辖，由工程所在地人民法院管辖。

14．依据《招标投标法》，项目公开招标的资格预审阶段，在“资格预审须知”文件中，可以（ ）。

A．要求投标人必须组成联合体投标

manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that is