当前位置：首页 > (江苏专版)2017高考英语二轮复习与策略 第1部分 专题3 阅读理解 类型7 文化教育讲练
类型7| 文化教育
考查要点 1.文章的主题。 2．所述文化教育的发展、特点、功能。 3．不同文化教育间的异同、优点及缺点。 4．价值观、道德观、风俗习惯的形成。 方法技巧 1.抓住文章的内在逻辑关系，理清脉络。 2．定位关键信息词、主题句，明确主旨。 3．重点关注所述对象的特征，并进行归纳概括。
(2016·天津高考·C)
When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him.His parents always had him weeding the garden，carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers.But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates.He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.Most of all, he was happier.Far happier.
These are the findings of a 40－year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston.The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not.“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，”said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery.“And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”
Vaillant's study followed these males in great detail.Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47.Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men's mental－health scores with their boyhood－activity scores.Points were awarded for part－time jobs, housework, effort in school，and ability to deal with problems.
The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp．Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people，five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out.
Working—at any age—is important.Childhood activities help a child develop
responsibility, independence, confidence and competence—the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health.They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals.The most competent adults are those who know how to do this.Yet work isn't everything.As Tolstoy once said，“One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one's work.”
46．What do we know about John? A．He enjoyed his career and marriage. B．He had few childhood playmates.
C．He received little love from his family. D．He was envied by others in his childhood.
47．Vaillant's words in Paragraph 2 serve as ________． A．a description of personal values and social values B．an analysis of how work was related to competence C．an example for parents' expectations of their children D．an explanation why some boys grew into happy men 48．Vaillant's team obtained their findings by ________． A．recording the boys' effort in school B．evaluating the men's mental health C．comparing different sets of scores
D．measuring the men's problem solving ability
49．What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4? A．Quick to react. C．Clear and definite.
B．Having a thin edge. D．Sudden and rapid.
50．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Competent adults know more about love than work. B．Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life. C．Love brings more joy to people than work does. D．Independence is the key to one's success.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议类的文章。约翰小时候父母会让他干一些力所能及的活儿，长大后他成了一个更快乐的人。由此可以看出：童年的劳动是非常重要的。它可以培养孩子的责任感、独立性、自信心以及解决问题的能力。这是精神健康的基础，与其精彩的成年生活息息相关。
长难句解读：“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence and
came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，” said George Vaillant，the psychologist who made the discovery.
分析：引号内的句子为复合句。Boys之后为who引导的定语从句修饰Boys，而they were worthwhile members of society为宾语从句，作feel的宾语。引号外who made the discovery为定语从句修饰the psychologist。
翻译：做出这个发现的心理学家George Vaillant说：“在家中或社区劳动的男孩能够获得能力并且感受到他们是有价值的社会成员。”
46．A [细节理解题。根据文章第一段信息“He had more job satisfaction，a better marriage and was healthier.”可知，约翰对自己的工作和婚姻很满意，故选A项。]
47．D [推理判断题。第二段中，Vaillant通过40年的研究得出结论：那些小时候在家里或者社区里劳动的男孩获得了能力，感到自己对社会有价值。正因为他们自我感觉好，所以别人也觉得他们好。由此可知，这些话解释了一些男孩成年后更快乐的原因，故选D项。]
48．C [细节理解题。根据文章第三段信息“Under Vaillant，the researchers compared the men's mental－health scores with their boyhood－activity scores.”可知，Vaillant的团队是通过比较一些分数来得出结论的，故选C项。]
49．C [词义猜测题。根据文章第四段信息twice as likely to ...，five times as likely to ...and 16 times less likely to ...可知，人们童年的行为和成年后的状况之间的联系明显得让人吃惊。sharp此处意为clear and definite(清楚和确定的)，故选C项。]
50．B [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，童年的劳动能够帮助一个孩子培养责任感、独立性、自信心和能力，这些都是一个人精神健康的基础，emotional health是本段的主题，故选B项。]
A
(2016·南通、扬州、泰州、淮安第三次调研)
A report released this month found that grouping children by ability is on the rise again—teaching students in groups of similar ability has improved achievement for fast and show learners alike—and who wouldn't want bright kids to be able to move ahead，or strugglers to get the help they need?
But for most kids，labels (标签) applied early in life tend to stick，even if
they are wrong.
Sorting school children by ability has long been controversial. In some countries，especially in Asia，school－wide tracking (分流) remains normal.Children are tested and placed in different schools that direct them toward professional or vocational careers.Movement between the tracks is rare.
School－wide tracking decreased in U．S.schools in the 1960s and 70s.It never died out，though.Sorting students into separate tracks for math at about junior high school age continues to be common，and other forms of tracking persist as well.
Unlike tracking，which means sorting students into separate classrooms，ability grouping happens within classrooms. When done according to the latest research，it has proven to promote achievement.
Ability grouping is changeable and temporary. Within classrooms，students might be divided into different learning groups dealing with materials of different levels.Any students who master concepts can move upward between groups，and the student groups might look different from subject to subject and unit to unit.For instance，a student who stands out in language arts might be at an average or slower level in math.A student who flies through multiplication tables might need extra help with fractions.Students who lag in reading can be pulled out of the classroom in small groups for practice with a tutor until their reading improves.
Research shows ability grouping within classes has more positive benefits than tracking.However，that must be weighed against the challenges involved.In many regular classrooms，the differences between student ability levels are very big. That presents challenges for teachers and low－performing students to constantly compare themselves with students who seem to fly through school with ease.
The rigid ability groups and tracking of the past are still with us in many schools.Likely，labels are applied with more caution than in the bad old days when some teachers gave reading groups not－so－secret code names like “Bluebirds”，“Robins”，“Crows” and “Buzzards”．But kids still know.
本月发布的一项报告发现，将儿童按能力分类这一现象再次呈上升趋势。将同一课堂内的学生按能力分组比学校分流有着更积极的好处。这种分组方法有益于不同能力水平的学习者。
1．Why is grouping children by ability becoming popular again? A．Because most teachers do not like slower learners. B．Because grouping children should be done early in life.
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