高中英语阅读理解难点分析和对策

这段时间，学生在做近几年的高考阅读理解题，发现有几种类型的文章非常难理解，学生答题时的错误率比较高。现把这些语篇做了一些整理，归为四大类，形成文字，以飨读者。欢迎大家补充。

一、掐头去尾型

高考阅读材料大都选自于近期的报刊杂志和网络。命题者在命题时，往往会在一篇长文章中截取几段，约300字左右。一篇长文章被斩头去尾之后，原文的一些背景知识也会随之消失。复杂的内容在脱开语篇背景之后，就会成为阅读者的理解障碍。阅读者需要首先根据语段内容和措辞中的蛛丝马迹，对原文的背景知识进行推测和重建，才能理清文章的来龙去脉。例如2010年四川卷D篇

Fear plays no part in this latest problem.“I’m not afraid I'll lose my children. I won't lose my children. We live together, and nothing, nothing,” she repeats, her voice rising when speaking to John's lawyer, “will stop me from being with my children. A law? Yeah, right. Don't disturb me when it comes to my children. You are never going to win. If John wants to see them, I cannot stop him. He's their father--—I want them to see him! However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the children's stable life.”

John, who has spent much of his time in California recently, has only hired a house for himself in Pennsylvania, according to his lawyer. \than happy to do that,\I want nothing more than for him to set up a stable life for himself, so that he can be part of making our children's lives more stable. \

While matters of money and care won't be settled for weeks, Jane hardly puts her life on hold. Last week the ABC network announced that Jane would return with her own show, Twist of Jane, in which she gives advice to other moms. Jane and her eight children will also return to ABC in a series of Jane Plus 8 specials showing them on various adventures．It’s a rest for Jane, who insists that she needs her new, busy life to provide f or her family．“I have to lead such a life．and I’m thankful that I’ve built it to the top where now I can support my children.”she says．

And whether a bellicose dance judge or a bellicose former wife，Jane plans to keep on facing

attacks on her. “Some people try to knock me down—only to make me more fierce, more protective, more determined to do better,” she says. “Go ahead, take me on. This will just make me stronger.”

起初，这篇文章没有引起我的注意，句式简单，又没有多少生僻的单词。但是，等学生做完这道阅读理解后，发现正确率非常低。问了一下学生，他们众口一词，都说文章的开头非常突兀，直接引语多，东一句西一句的，不知道在说什么，而且人物之间的关系也不明朗。

要读懂这篇文章，学生需要重构文章的背景，可以从弄明白第一段中的she, I, we, he等人称代词与下文的Jane, John等之间关系入手。Jane与John是一对夫妻，正在闹离婚。再从第三段第一句话，可以看出这对夫妇正在解决离婚中的财产分割和孩子抚养权归属的问题。当学生知道文章的这个背景之后，再来回答下面的四个问题就非常容易了。

57. According to Jane in the first paragraph，the law A. can’t take her children away from her B. can’t do anything with the case C. will best settle the problem D. will disturb her children 58 . What does “to do that” refer to in the second paragraph?

A. To live with John． B．To hire a house for John． C．To allow John to see the children D．To ask John to set up a regular life. 59. What does the underlined sentence in the third paragraph mean? A．Jane’s life is very difficult． B．Jane continues to live as usual．

C．Jane almost can’t control her life D．Jane works very hard to live a happy life． 60 . Which word can best describe Jane?

A. Proud． B．Fierce． C．Determined． D．Independent

二、文章的预期读者不是学生

每个作者在动笔之前，都要考虑一下预期的读者群，即谁将会看到这篇文章。读者不一样，作者采取的写作策略也不一样。如果写给小学生看的，作者的叙述就要面面俱到，采用儿童听得懂的简单语言，说话就要平铺直叙，不能拐弯抹角。但如果文章是写给同行或受过高等教育的成年人看的，那么作者就会使用不同的写作风格，跳过一般性的简单逻辑推理，

省略掉那些不说自明的信息，有一些内容，作者往往只会点到而已，给读者留下必要的一定的思考空间，让读者自己得出结论，从而使文章更具有吸引力。例如2010四川卷E篇：

Open Letter to an Editor

I had an interesting conversation with a reporter recently---one who works for you. In fact, he's one of your best reporters. He wants to leave.

Your reporter gave me a copy of his resume and photocopies of six stories that he wrote for you. The headlines showed you played them proudly. With great enthusiasm, he talked about how he finds issues, approaches them, and writes about them, which tells me he is one of your best. I'm sure you would hate to lose him. Surprisingly, your reporter is not unhappy. In fact, he told me he really likes his job. He has a great assignment, and said you run a great paper. It would be easy for you to keep him, he said. He knows that the paper values him. He appreciates the responsibility you've given him, takes ownership of his profession, and enjoys his freedom.

So why is he looking for a way out?

He talked to me because he wants his editors to demand so much more of him. He wants to be pushed, challenged, coached to new heights.

The reporter believes that good stories spring from good questions, but his editors usually ask how long the story will be, when it will be in, where it can play, and what the budget is.

He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. That's what you want for him, too, isn't it?

So your reporter has set me thinking.

Our best hope in keeping our best reporters, copy editors, photographers, artists ----- everyone ----- is to work harder to make sure they get the help they are demanding to reach their potential. If we can't do it, they'll find someone who can.

从文章的标题就知道，这是作者对一个编辑的公开信，学生需要思考的第一个问题就是，作者的身份是什么？关于这篇文章，有四个问题要回答，然而最重要的问题、最需要先回答的问题却是第三个问题。通过文章中的we，可以判断出作者也是一个编辑，是两个同行在

探讨业内的事情。这就是为什么许多学生初读这篇文章时一头雾水的原因了。要看懂这篇文章，学生还需要弄清楚以下几个问题：这个编辑为什么要给他的同行写这封公开信？他们在探讨什么问题？

60. What does the writer think of the reporter?

A. Optimistic. B. Imaginative. C. Ambitious. D. Proud. 61. What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks? A. Finding the news value of his stories. B. Giving him financial support. C. Helping him to find issues. D. Improving his good ideas. 62. Who probably wrote the letter?

A. An editor. B. An artist. C. A reporter. D. A reader. 63. The letter aims to remind editors that they should __ A. keep their best reporters at all costs B. give more freedom to their reporters

C. be aware of their reporters' professional development D. appreciate their reporters' working styles and attitudes 三、高级词汇多

词汇量是影响理解的最大因素，生词比率超过5%的文章会影响阅读理解，在这种情况下，去谈任何阅读策略或技巧都是徒劳的。一个人的精力是一个定值，如果在阅读中把过多的时间和精力用于猜词，那么他的理解和记忆肯定要收到影响，当我们的电脑桌面上放了过多文件，占有过多的内存，那么电脑的反应速度势必要放慢。要想阅读好这类文章，学生需要提高在阅读理解中处理高级词汇的能力。例如2011重庆卷E篇：

Skeptics are strange lot. Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the environment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them. Those people, say skeptics, spread nothing but bad news about the environment. The “eco-guilt” brought on by the discouraging news about our planet gives rise to the popularity of skeptics as people search for more comforting worldviews.

Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity. That