英语名校--春考备考：2019-2020学年高三春考备考冲刺讲义-教师版

equally, but if one fared much better at fishing, rewards would also be disproportionate. In the case where they were simply given the fish, rewards should be unrelated to catch size — since no effort was involved. Culture matters. That’s the main finding among many from the study, as described in a forthcoming issue of the journal Psychological Science. The German children distributed the spoils of the day precisely in proportion to productivity, even when this meant a very unbalanced distribution of rewards. By contrast, children from the two rural African societies barely took merit into consideration at all. These findings suggest that the basic notion of merit and distributive justice is far from universal in our species, and that fairness is culturally defined. But why? The scientists offer some thoughts on this. It could be that in large-scale societies like Germany, a meritocracy is important for regulating transactions between people who don’t know each other and may not interact again. The focus is on equitable interactions, because things won’t be “evened out” in the future. In small scale societies, by contrast, most exchanges take place between people who are familiar with one another. It may be more important in such societies to build long-term relationships based on equity — rather than to insist on equity in a single transaction. In egalitarian forager societies, such as the Haillom, sharing is an important leveling mechanism, balancing asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony. Children may internalize these social values early on, and apply them even when the fishing trip is imaginary. Follow Wray Herbert’s reporting on psychological science in The Huffington Post and on Twitter at @wrayherbert. IV. Summary Writing Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. To Laugh Is Human Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with. 参考答案： Scientists think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do we laugh? We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better. (59w) (be born with= be inborn/ accepted= recognized= identified/ be born out of= evolve from =come from =originate from) Laughter is unconscious, infectious and basic. It brings us a trustworthy, comfortable and honest feeling, thus better maintaining friendships. Chances are that we laugh more with others around, contributing to prompting recognition and feeling more connected with one another. Scientists assure that laughter resulted in greater cooperation between individuals in ancient times, as better cooperation leads to survival. (58w) We were born with the ability of helping and scientists think the reason why we laugh is that we feel connected with others and we want to be recognized by others. Besides, laughter helps people to cooperate to survive with. (40w) I. Translation: Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1. 少喝含糖的饮料，否则你会容易发胖。(or) 2. 在法庭上， 他坚持自己没犯抢劫罪。(guilty) 3. 你是不是同意，在心情愉快的时候，总会有创意出现。(occur) 4. 当谈到办公室冲突的时候，专家建议更多反思自己，更多换位思考，并及时与同1. 2. 3. 4. 事沟通。(when it comes to ) Don’t think too much sugary drinks/ sugared beverages, or it is easy for you to gain weight. He insisted that he wasn’t guilty of robbing / robbery in court. Do you agree creativity always occurs when you are in a good mood? When it comes to office conflicts, experts suggest one should reflect more on herself or himself, always put themselves in others’ shoes, and communicate with workmates in time. II. Guided Writing Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学的学生王磊，你校计划引进一个机器人担任餐厅服务员或者图书馆管理员，并在英语贴吧征求学生意见，你很感兴趣，决定回帖响应，你所写的内容应包括: 1你认为机器人适合担任的一个岗位，二选一; 2通过比较，阐述你选择的理由，可以从工作效率，服务范围等方面进行表述。 Dear headmaster, So appealing (倒装句)is your plan to introduce a robot to our school that I decide to respond to your asking for proposals. From my perspective, a robot is more suitable for the position of librarian. With regard to the range of service, a librarian needs not only to classify different kinds of books, put and find them in the right order on the right shelf but also keep a record of what books are borrowed and returned, while being a waiter in a restaurant involves serving the right dishes to the right table, do some cleaning and communicating with the diners. A robot can accomplish three or four librarians’ work of sorting and labeling books at the same time, whereas it is pale before a man in communicating and tackling the unexpected (unpredictable) occasions. In terms of working efficiency, a robot may be more efficient in doing the programmed, mechanical and repetitive kind of work. Therefore, it is more advisable for the robot to undertake the duties of a librarian grouping countless books repeatedly, thus considerably improving the efficiency of a human librarian. However, when it comes to the work of a waiter, who needn’t work so heavily and fast as a librarian but do need react flexibly to the diners’ requirements, a robot won’t make a remarkable difference and even may not be more qualified than a man. In a nutshell, it is the mechanical work of a librarian that the robot is more competent at. Hope that my advice will be of great help to your decision. Wang lei （试题来源：2018年春考英语试题） 总结： ① 语法填空做题技巧 ② 十一选十高频单词 2018-2019学年上海市静安区高三下学期英语二模试卷 II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A 10% Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. When Jennifer Lawrence tripped on her way to accept her best actress Oscar one year, her pink princess-like Dior dress (21) _________ (capture) in all its glory. The unscripted moment became hot topic throughout social media. That bonus air-time for a single dress at one of the worlds global events is priceless for the likes of Dior, one of the (22) _________ (influential) fashion houses in the luxury marketplace. Success on the red carpet can earn exposure and profits for luxury brands for years (23) _________(come). The red carpet, which will be televised live before Academy Award ceremony, presents a great opportunity for a designer to reach an audience that expands (24) _________the fashion setting. The Lawrence dress received about 40 million mentions on various social media. One way of estimating the monetary benefits of having a standout dress on the red carpet is to compare how much a brand would otherwise spend on commercial advertising during the same time.