test for chapter 2

I. For each question, there are four choices of answers. In some cases, only one choice is correct while in others there may be two or three correct ones. Choose ALL the correct ones. (25 points) C1. Which of the following is a vowel? A. [p]

B. [f]

C. [?]

D. [m]

A2. Which of the following is the correct description of [f]? A. voiceless labiodental fricative C. voiceless labiodental stop A. [a] A. on A. [a] A. rap

B. [e]

B. voiced labiodental fricative D. voiced labiodental stop C. [u] C. fire C. [o]

D. [i] D. right

3. Which of the following vowels is CV8?

4. Which of the following words are likely to have stress in sentences?

B. wonderful B. [?] B. read

5. Which of the following is called schwa?

D. [?] D. want

C6. Which of the following words involve “nasalization”?

C. running

C7. The sounds that are produced with no obstruction of the airstream at the vocal tract are known as ______. A. consonants C. vowels

D8. [g] is a ______. A. voiced bilabial stop

B. voiceless bilabial fricative D. voiced velar stop

C. voiceless labiodental fricative A9. [?] is a ______.

A. high back rounded vowel C. high middle vowel

B. high back unrounded vowel D. high back vowel

B. places of articulation D. manners of articulation

A10. Which of the following is a broad transcription of the word rap? A. [r?p]

B. [???]

C. [??p?]

D. [??p]

B11. The basic unit of phonological analysis is the ______. A. allophone

B. phoneme

C. sound

D. minimal pair

C12. conventionally a ________is put in slashes.

a. allophone b. phone c. phoneme d. morpheme

II. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (15 points) T1. For sounds to be allophones of the same phoneme they are said to be complementarily distributed and must have phonetic similarity. F2. A closed syllable is one without a coda.

F3. When dividing syllables, we normally put consonants in the coda position. T4. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. F5. the maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.

F6. The initial sound of “peak” is aspirated while the second sound of “speak”is unaspirated. They are in free variation.

III. Define the following terms. (20 points)

Phonology: Phonology is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur”

Phoneme: The smallest sound unit in a language that distinguishes meaning of a word from another

allophone : Different members of the same phoneme are allophones.

minimal pair:it is used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meaning

free variation: The substitution of one sound for the other sound does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.

Maximal Onset Principle: When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.

assimilation rule: Assimilation rules refer to a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound.

IV. Answer TWO of the following questions. (40 points)

1. The pronunciation of tell is [tel], but that of teller is [tel?]. Discuss why the phoneme/l/ is realized as [l] and [l] respectively in this situation. (exercise p.349 number 5.(6);6;7)

2. The following words contain different forms of the negative prefix in-. Formulate a rule.

Irregular incomprehensible illiterate Ingenious inoffensive inharmonic Impenetrable illegal incompetent Irresistible impossible irresponsible Immobile illogical indifferent Inconsistent innumerable inevitable

3. Discuss the phonological rule that underlies the third person singular present tense forms of verbs in English. （2004 北京林业大学）

1) He works eight hours a day, six days a week.[s]t,k 2) The girl comes here every Saturday. 3) She uses the computer at night.

4. what are phonemes, phones and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from english or chinese. (2005 北京外国语大学) 5． Describe the following sounds. /d / voiced alveolar stop

/v / voiced labiodental fricative /? / velar nasal

/a:/ low back tense unrounded vowel / ? /mid central lax unrounded vowel

6. A phonetic symbol is actually a “cover term” for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features. Define each of the symbols below by marking a “+” or a “---” for each given feature: a “+”, if the property is present, a “---” , if it is absent:（略） Sound segments: Phonetic features High Low Back Tense Round u e a: i ? u: i: Sound segments Phonetic features Stop Nasal Voiced Labial Alveolar Velar Liquid Fricative Answer: Sound segments: Phonetic features High Low

f u + - n e - - g a: - + ? i + - z ? - + t u: + - l i: + -

Back Tense Round + - + f - - - + - - - + - - - n - + + - + - - - + + - g + - + - - + - - - - - ? - - - - - - - + - - - z - - + - + - - + + + + t + - - - + - - - - + - l - - + - + - + - Sound segments Phonetic features Stop Nasal Voiced Labial Alveolar Velar Liquid Fricative