自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第九章 形容词短语和比较 - 图文

第九章 形容词短语和比较 Adjective Phrase and Comparison

9.0 Introduction

1. 形容词的四个特征：1)修饰作用，2)补语，3)可接加强词very做前置修饰，4)有比较级和最高级

9.1.1 Structure of the Adjective Phrase

(Pre-modification) + Head Word + (Post-modification) * Head word is an adjective, Pre-modification is invariably Adv. He is an extremely intelligent person. He was afraid to fall again. 考点1 9.1.2 Attributive adj. and Predicative adj. 修饰语&补语 1. Attributive adj. and Predicative adj. 修饰语&补语 1. 形容词短语修饰名词可做Pre-modification & Post Modification, 前置修饰&后置修饰 Pre-modifier时，形容词短语在冠词和名词之间. An interesting story. All these certain ideas. Post-modifier时，形容词短语往往由几个形容词组成，或者使用形容词自带的修饰语，而不用单个的形容词修饰. All the people old and young. The women anxious to keep up with the Joneses. * 单个形容词在下面几种情况中可以单独后置修饰名词。 1) designate, elect, galore, incarnate…等直接用于名词后； The minister designate; the present elect 2) broad, deep, high, long, tall, old, thick, wide..表示测量意义的名词： six feet tall, three meters wide.. 3) concerned, involved, present, proper, responsible等在前置修饰和后置修饰时意义不同的词。 4) affected, available, required, suggested,等用在名词前后意义没有任何变化的词. Available info / info available. 2. 除了修饰作用，形容词还可以当主语补语或者宾语补语. 大部分名词具有这两种功能。 A lovely girl / The girl is lovely An old car / The car is old 2. Attributive adj. 1. 以下是基本上只做修饰语的adj.列表 1) –er结尾表示关系的名词: elder, former, inner, latter, outer, upper… my elder brother * who’s elder?× 2) 增强形容词，包括强调（certain，definite, pure, sheer, plain）扩大(absolute, entire, extreme, perfect, total)，

减弱(feeble, sight) 意义。 A perfect idiot * the idiot is perfect× 3) 限制所指范围的形容词：chief，joint，lone，main，very , only , principle… The chief produce. * the product is chief× 4) 科技，技术形容词： chemical，coastal，earthen，nuclear，solar，wooden，woolen… The chemical weapons. * the weapons are chemical.× 5) 表示方位的形容词：downstairs，downtown，indoor，inside，outdoor，outside，upstairs… Three upstairs bedroom. 3. Predicative adj. 1. 以下是基本上只做修饰语的adj.列表 1) 带后置修饰的形容词： the ship is bound for Australia *the bound ship for Australia. 2) 带前置A-（afraid，afloat，aghast，akin，alert，alight，alike，alive，alone，aloof，amiss，asleep，ashamed The child is afraid. * An afraid child× 3) 表示健康的形容词。（faint，ill，poorly，well，unwell… The girl looks poorly. * the poorly girl×

9.2 形容词的语义分级

1. Stative & Dynamic adjective 静态形容词&动态形容词 Stative adjective 1. 大多数形容词都是静态形容词，描述潜在的永恒的特征，尤其是修饰作用的形容词。 A big house, a red blouse, a tall man 2. 即使是做补语，大多数形容词也是静态的，所以一般与静态动词配合使用，一般不与进行体搭配。 The house is big. *the house is being big. × 3. 然而许多形容词可做动态意义使用，特别是他们做补语1.形容主语；2，表示临时状态时 He is being foolish. She is deliberately being rude. 进行体暗示形容词所描述的品质是可以人为控制的，是主观印象。 以下是可以做动态使用的形容词。 Ambitious, awkward, brave, calm, careful, careless, cheerful, clever, conceited, cruel, disagreeable, dull, enthusiastic, extravagant, faithful, foolish, friendly, funny, generous, gentle, good, greedy, hasty, helpful, impatient, irritating, jealous, kind, lenient, loyal, mischievous, naughty, nice, noisy, obstinate, patient, playful, reasonable, rude, sensible, serious, shy, slow, stubborn, stupid, suspicious, tactful, talkative, thoughtful, tidy, timid, troublesome, unfaithful, untidy, vain, vicious, vulgar, wicked, witty… Gradable & Non-gradable 可分级&不可分级 1. 大部分的形容词是可分级的，inflectional 或者是 periphrastic, 或者被加强助词very, so修饰 Big bigger biggest / quite, rather, very, so, extremely big 2. 不可分级的形容词：1) 只做及物动词 meter, latter, indoor 2) 表示起源，出处的形容词 British, French… 3) 绝对意义的形容词 average，excellent，perfect，equal… Inherent & Non- inherent 表示内在意义和不表示内在意义 1. 一般来讲，表示内在意义的形容词描述了名词的本身特征. A big house 表示房子很大，A firm hand shake 表示握手很用力. 2. Non inherent, 非形容词本身意思的。A big eater不是指eater本身很大，而是指饭量大的人. Restrictive & Non restrictive 限制性&非限制性 1. 限制性形容词用描述名词与众不同特性的方式来指定名词。 A fat women. Fat 指出了这个女人和其他女人不同之处-胖 2. 非限制性形容词只是紧紧提供某些非关键信息，不足以来指定名词。 形容词修饰特有名词时不起限制作用。 My fat wife. Foggy London, sunny California Marked & Unmarked 有标志&无标志 Unmarked Big, Heavy Old Long Tall Maked Small light young short short 习惯问句用unmarked形容词提问，要用marked adj 提问的前提是句中已经提过所提问对象有此品质。 You say your mother is very young, tell me how young she is.

考点2 9.3 前置形容词的顺序问题 Determine ZONE I The A Intensifying Adj. ZONEⅡ Gradable Adj. 同时满足符合形容词特征的4个条件 Zone Ⅲ Color & Participate Zone Ⅴ Denominal Adj. 词本身充当形容词 Head Word Color before Participate 不是由名词变形而来，就是名e.g.: both the last two nice big old round red carved French wooden card table.

ZONEⅡ：同时满足符合形容词特征的4个条件。 当有好几个形容词时，遵循以下规则：

1. 非变而来的adj.( small, old, thick) 在变形而来的adj.(helpful, interesting)之前。 2. Subjective measure + objective measure (size, shape) +age

主观意志，想法＋客观事实

A handsome young man. （subjective judgment + age）

Ａ mean wealthy man. (Subjective judgment + objective measurement) Zone Ⅴ：

E.g. : an expensive woolen cardinal. A major tourist attraction.

9.4 比较级 Comparative and Superlative 9.4.1 比较级变形 a. Regular 规则变形

1. 单音节形容词 ： regular. Inflected form ： -er / -est 2. 双音节形容词 ： Periphrastic form: More- / Most-

3. 双音节以-y，-er, -ure, -le, -ow 结尾的形容词也可加-er/ -est, (见下表)

*特别是y结尾的形容词（否定前缀也可使用此规则）happy-happier Unhappy-Unhappier *clever-cleverer / more clever mature- maturer / more mature 4. 两个或者两个以上形容词一起使用，即使是是单音节形容词也可以加more, most She is more kind and gentle than her mother. She is kinder and gentler than her mother.

5. 由形容词变形而来以-ly结尾的副词比较级和最高级都是加 –more/ -most Slowly More slowly Most slowly Quickly More quickly Most quickly 6. 三音节或以上的都用 periphrastic form. Important More important Most import

* 双音节单词一般用periphrastic from more/ most ,注意以-y，-er, -ure, -le, -ow结尾的形容词也可以有inflected form. -y 双音节单词 Easy, silly Inflected form Easier/easiest Periphrastic More easy, Most easy

Sillier/silliest -er -ure -le -ow

More silly, Most silly More clever, Most clever More Mature, Most Mature More obscure, Most obscure More Gentle, Most gentle More Simple, Most simple More Narrow, Most narrow *双音节形容词或者以-y结尾的副词一般使用inflected form，这些词加否定前缀-un时也成立。除了Shy, sly Clever Mature, obscure Gentle, simple Narrow Cleverer/ cleverest Mature/ matures Obscurer/obscurest Gentler/Gentlest Simpler/Simplest Narrower/narrowest b不规则变形 Irregular Inflection

Adjective Old Good, well bad Far little Many, much Adverbs Well Badly Far Little Much Comparative Older, elder better worse Farther, further less more Superlative Oldest, Eldest Best Worst Farthest, Furthest Least most 9.4.2 Usage notes

a. Elder & Older

Elder/Eldest 表示家庭关系中长辈的意思，只可以有形容作用(attribute position), Older/Oldest 可做补语，可以指人也可以指物。 She is my elder/older sister. She is *elder(×)/ older than me. b. Farther & Further

都可以用来指物理距离，further/furthest可指抽象意义的距离。 I can’t work any farther/further.

If there are no further questions, I declare the meeting closed. c. Less & Fewer

Less 接不可数， Fewer 接可数名词 d. lesser

作为形容词来用，只可以起形容作用，表示“not so important or great”，不可与 than 连用 To a lesser extent. e. the

与最高级配合使用， the best, the most…

也可以用其他冠词来代替the , my best friend, our most important task.

Most可以做为intensifier means “very” when goes without “the”: a most interesting visit. The+比较级表示两个中级别较高的那个。 He is the taller of the two.

考点3 9.4.3 comparative construction

Positive degree: as…as

Comparative degree: more…than Superlative degree: the most…

a. As…as Negative form: not as…as… not so…as… 1. *as 后面可以是 主语+（助词），非正式情况下，可以直接接主语。 My brother is as tall as I (am).

We don’t have as much time as John (dose). 2. adj和Nouns有两种位置关系，前置和后置。 Jim is as qualified a teacher as Bob. Jim is a teacher as qualified as Bob. I can’t move as heavy a box as this one. I can’t move a box as heavy as this one. *前置时，形容词在不定冠词+单数可数名词前。 *determiner限定词不可以后置，一般都在名词前面。

I can give you as many copies of this book as you want.(Many为determiner) ×I can give you copies of this book as many as you want. (×)

3. As..as..结构三种用法：(1) 两个人或者事之间具有同样的品质，(2)同一个人或者事两种不同品质的

比较，(3)两个人或事之前两种不同的品质。 (1) Susan is as intelligent as her husband. (2) Susan is as intelligent as she is beautiful.

(3) Susan is as beautiful as her husband is intelligent.

b. More…than…

1. 可加pre-modification: far, even, many, much, still, a lot, a great deal, rather, slightly… 2. adj和Nouns有两种位置关系，前置和后置。

Our neighbor has a larger house than ours. Our neighbor has a house larger than ours. Keener boys than he is will be chosen. Boys keener than he is will be chosen.

3. 当两个被比较的物体不属于同一等级的时候，前置修饰不起作用，

Mr. White is a professor much more learned than his students. ×Mr. White is a much more learned professor than his students. There are a lot of women more intelligent than John. ×There are a lot of more intelligent women than John. *determiner限定词不可以后置，一般都在名词前面。 He likes to order more food than he can eat. ×He likes to order food more than he can eat.

c. The most

一般要用of + 数字，in+地点，或者从句来limit the scope of comparison。 可是当最高级作为intensifier时候是可以不用limit the scope的～ I’d like to express my deepest gratitude…