2018-2019东城区高三年级期末英语试卷及答案

B. People spend more on Black Friday bargains. C. Americans have an unhealthy shopping habit. D. Goods in stores are cheaper than those online.

D. The features of holiday economy.

39. The author thinks people love to go holiday shopping mainly because

________.

40. What does the author think of the Black Friday phenomenon?

41. What is mainly discussed in the passage?

A. The psychology of shopping. B. The development of retailing. C. The influences of e-commerce. A. Puzzling. B. Unusual. C. Out-of-date. D. Understandable.

A. they feel tired of shopping online B. they think it is good for their health C. they hope to pass down the holiday tradition D. they can have real communication with others

D

An open office is supposed to force employees to cooperate. To have

them talk more face to face. To get them off instant messenger (IM) and brainstorming new ideas. But a recent study by two researchers offers evidence to support what many people who work in open offices already know: It doesn’t really work that way. The noise causes people to put on headphones and tune out. The lack of privacy causes others to work from home when they can. And the sense of being in a fishbowl means many choose email over a desk-side chat.

Ethan Bernstein and Stephen Turban, two Harvard Business School

professors, studied two Fortune 500 companies that made the shift to an open office environment from one where workers had more privacy. Using “sociometric” electronic badges (徽章) and microphones, as well as data on email and instant messenger use by employees, the researchers found in the first study that after the organization made the move to open-plan offices, workers spent 73% less time in face-to-face interaction. Meanwhile, email use rose 67% and IM use went up 75%.

The participants wore the badges and microphones for several weeks

before the office was redesigned and for several after, and the company

gave the researchers access to their electronic communications. The results were astonishing. “We were surprised by the degree to which we found the effect,” Bernstein said. The badges could tell that two people had a face-to-face interaction without recording actual spoken words. The researchers were careful to make sure other factors weren’t in question—the business cycle was similar, for instance, and the group of employees were the same.

In a second study, the researchers looked at the changes in

interaction between specific pairs of colleagues, finding a similar drop in face-to-face communication and a smaller but still significant increase in electronic correspondence.

Another wrinkle in their research, Bernstein said, is that not only

did workers shift the way of communication they used, but they also tended to interact with different groups of people online than they did in person. Moving from one kind of communication to another may not be all bad—“maybe email is just more efficient,” he said—but if managers want certain teams of people to be interacting, that may be lost more than they think. The shift in office space could “have strong effects on productivity and the quality of work”.

Bernstein hopes the research will offer evidence that will help

managers consider the possible trade-offs of moving to an open office plan. In seeking a lower cost per square foot, they buy into the idea that it will also lead to more cooperation, even if it’s not clear that’s true. “I don’t blame the architects,” he said. “But I do think

B. The managers.

C. Certain teams of people. D. Different groups of workers.

45. As for the design of workplaces, what is Bernstein’s major concern? we spend more of our time thinking about how to design workplaces based on the observer’s angle”—the manger—“rather than the observed.” 42. Employers prefer an open office because they think it can ______. A. increase competition B. improve communication

C. create a safe environment D. motivate workers’ responsibility

43. Why was there an increase in electronic correspondence among

employees? A. Because they thought little of desk-side chat. B. Because they shifted to a new business cycle. C. Because they wanted to protect their privacy. D. Because they needed to complete more tasks.

44. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A. The researchers.

A. Connectivity. B. Accessibility. C. User-friendliness. D. Cost-effectiveness.

第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）

根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

The concept of “the body” is closely related to the ideas of

“illness” and “health”. ______ (46) The main reasons for the differences are genetic, and the fact that people’s bodies change as they age. However, a huge range of research indicates that there are social factors too.

Poorer people are more likely to eat “unhealthy” foods, to smoke

cigarettes and to be employed in repetitive, physically difficult work. ______ (47) That is to say, the physical shapes of bodies are strongly influenced by social factors.

These social factors are also closely linked to emotional wellbeing.

People with low or no incomes are more likely to have mental health problems. ______ (48) For example, certain people with mental health issues may be at risk of becoming homeless, just as a person who is homeless may have an increased risk of illnesses such as depression.

______ (49) Bodies are young or old, short or tall, big or small,

weak or strong. Whether these judgements matter and whether they are

positive or negative depends on the cultural and historical contexts. The culture, and media, of different societies promote very different valuations of body shapes. ______ (50) Currently, in rich societies the idea of slimness is highly valued, but historically this was different. It is easy for people to feel undervalued because of factors they have no power to change, for example, their age and height. Equally, they can feel pressured into making changes to their appearance when there is a choice, which in some cases can lead to an unhealthy interest in weight loss. Therefore, sociologists are suggesting that we should not just view bodies and minds in biological terms, but also in social terms.

A. There are other types of social factors too.

B. All of these factors affect the condition of a person’s health. C. Their housing conditions and neighbourhoods need to be improved. D. What is considered as attractive or ugly, normal or abnormal varies

greatly.

E. All of us exist in “bodies” of different shapes, heights, colours