V-ing形式做主语和宾语

b. 分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用分词的完成式。Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer./ Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.

3) 分词做方式或伴随状语, 用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可转换为并列句。例：My parents wrote me a letter telling me to change my job./ Followed by his wolf dog, the hunter walked slowly in the forest./

Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 注视着天空

4) 分词做条件状语，表示一种假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句。此种情况下， 有时在分词短语前加上if, unless,使条件更加明确。 Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed./

United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡/ Seen in the distance, the village looks more beautiful./

5）分词做让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时分词可带有连词although, whether, even if, even though.

Knowing all this, I still wanted to see it for myself./ Working hard as he did, he still couldn’t succeed./

6) 分词做结果状语，表示必然的结果，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。

The big fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. Football is played all over the world, making it a popular sport.

7) 分词做程度状语，常译为“很，非常，极度”。如果换为very, 句子的语气弱一点。

It is burning hot today./ Mary is an amazing beautiful girl./

8) 分词做评价性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句子里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。这类状语称为评论性状语或评注性状语。

generally speaking 一般来说/ strictly speaking 严格来说/ roughly speaking 大致说来/ broadly speaking 广义上来说/ judging from/ by … 由…判断/ frankly speaking 坦率地说/

personally speaking 就个人而言/supposing 如果/ considering (the time)