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高中英语语法点汇总
一.冠词
1.概念:冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类。
不定冠词有:a 和an ,a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前;an用于以原音音素开头的单词前。如: a girl a gift a house an apple an orange an hour 定冠词有:the 2.用法:
① 不定冠词:*用于单数可数名词前,指人或事物的某一种类,如:He is a student.
*指某人或某物,但不具体说何人或何物 如 A girl is looking for her book.
*序数前加不定冠词an/a ,表示又一个 ,另一个,如:Would you like a second cup of tea ?
* 当一日三餐前出现形容词时,该词前加冠词a ,如 : Mr fat is very fat and often has a big lunch.
* 还可用在某些抽象名词前,表示一阵、一场、一种、一次等 如: There was a heavy snow yesterday. He did me a great kindness. * 固定搭配:
have a cold have a good time in a hurry for a while do sb.a favour ② 定冠词:* 特指某些人或事物
* 指双方都知道的人或事物 * 指上文提到过的人或事物
* 用于独一无二的事物前,如:the sun the moon
* 用于序数词和形容词的最高级前,如: the third book the longest river * 用于一些专有名词、组织机构、国家名、报纸杂志等的名称前,如:
the Great Wall the Ministry of Education(教育部) the United States the Daily Mail(每日邮报)
* 可与形容词连用,表示这一类人或事物,如: The rich should help the poor.
the old the deaf(聋人) the young
* 用于姓氏复数名词前,表示全家或这一姓氏的夫妇俩,如:the Greens * 可指某个世纪某个年代,如:in the 1970's(1870s) 在20世纪70年代 * 用于西洋乐器前,中国的名族乐器前则不加冠词,如: play the piano play Erhu
* 用在江河、湖泊、山脉等地理名称前, 如:
The Pacific Ocean (太平洋0 the Tian-shan Mountains(天山山脉) * 用于以festival 组成的节日之前,以day 组成的节日前不加定冠词,如: the spring festival May day * 固定搭配:
In the morning in the end on the right at the same time
二.数词
1. 概念:分为两种:基数词(cardinal numbers)和序数词(ordinal numbers)。表示人或事物数量多少的数词叫做基数词;表示人或事物顺序的数词叫序数词。
2. 作用:可在句子中做主语,表语,定语和宾语,还可做同位语。例句: Five of them are from China. 主语 I am eighteen now. 表语
This is my first visit here.定语
I am in class 2, but they three are not . 同位语 3. 构成及用法:
基数词 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight 29 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 102 123 1000 2235 Twenty-nine thirty Thirty-one forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred one hundred and two one hundred and twenty-three one thousand two thousand , two hundred and thirty-five ① 构成: a. 1-12单独记
b. 13-19词尾为-teen
c. 20,30,40 等逢十词尾为-ty
d. 21-99 个位数和十位数之间要加连字号
e. 101-999 先说百,再加and ,再加末尾两位数
f. 1000以上的数,从后向前数,每三位用一个计数点隔开,依次是:thousand , million , billion ② 用法:
a. hundred , thousand , million , billion 前面有具体数词时,用单数形式。如:two hundred b. 如hundred , thousand , million , billion后加s时,需要后面加of ,再加名词,方可使用,如 :thousands of
people
c. 用来表示在几十年代,如: in the 1990’s / nineties
d. 表示某人几十多岁,要用整数的复数形式 如: in one’s teens/twenties/thirties
序数词 第1-第12 第13-第19 第20-第90 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth nineteenth Twentieth Thirtieth Fortieth Fiftieth Sixtieth Seventieth Eightieth ninetieth Hundredth Thousandth millionth ① 构成:
a. 基数词变序数词,一、二、三要单独记 b. –th 要从四加起
c. eight 少个t , nine 去掉e d. –f 把-ve 来代替,-ty 变成-tie ② 用法:
a. 序数词前要加the ,
b. 有时还可加不定冠词 a ,如:I had a forth apple. 4. 百分数、分数、小数的表达法:
①百分数:基数词加百分号%(percent), 如:89% eighty-nine percent ②分数:分子基数词,分母序数词。分子大于一,分母加s,中间有连字符。 如:1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds
③带分数:基数词加and 加分子基数词、分母序数词 如: five and six-sevenths ④小数:小数点前用基数词,小数点后读作基数的个位,小数点读作point。 如:1.45 one point four five 5.时刻、时间、序号表达法:
① 时刻表达法:a. 几点过几分,用past ; 几点差几分,用to ;
b. 简略表达法:小时数加分钟数 ;如:8:15 ---- eight fifteen ② 时间表达法:年月日 2011,7,7 ------ July seventh , two thousand and eleven ③ 序号表达法:a.事物名词+基数词
b.定冠词the +序数词+事物名词
如:lesson two = the second lesson part one = the first part 6.倍数表达法:
基数词加times , 但once , twice 要单独记 如:He runs twice faster than you .
Our classroom is four times as big as yours . 7.一些特殊表达法:
every ten days 每十天 every tenth day 每隔九天 by the dozen 以打记
one at a time 一次一个的 one by one 一个一个的 twos and threes 三三两两at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 8.算式读法:
A+B=C A plus B is C .(A and B is C.) A-B=C A minus B is C. (B from A is C.) A×B=C A times B is C. A/B=C A divided B is C. A>B A is more than B A
三.代词
概念:代词是用来代替名词及起名词作用的词。按意义特征及语法功能可分为9类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。 1. 人称代词
概念:人称代词指我、你、他等词,有数、格的变化。可在句中作主语、表语,宾格作宾语。如:I have an English book. He is in Beijing.
用法:① 当说话者不清楚或不必要知道说话对象是,可用it 来表示。 如:It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?
② she , he 可用来表示拟人,she 可指月亮、土地、船只、党派、猫、鸟等柔美可爱的东西;he 可指马、象、狗等动物,如: The moon is risen , she is round and bright. Give the cat some food, maybe she is hungry. The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.
③ 在比较状语从句中,在不引起歧义的前提下,主格可由宾格替换。如: He is older than I / me . 2. 物主代词
概念:物主代词是用来表示所有关系的。分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,位于名词前作定语;名词性物主代词相当于名词可作主语、宾语、表语。 如:This is my school.(宾语)
His name is Tom.(定语) This isn’t my shirt . Mine is over there.(主语) Those books are not yours.(表语) She is an old friend of mine.(宾语) 3. 反身代词
概念:反身代词在句中可作宾语、同位语、表语、主语。 如:He is teaching himself English .(宾语)
The president himself will attend the meeting .(同位语) Her father and herself will tell you the secret.(主语) 常见的习惯用语:
by oneself 亲自 talk to oneself 自言自语 to oneself 暗自 make oneself at home 随便些 amuse oneself 自娱 call oneself 自称 devote oneself to 致力于 teach oneself 自学 for oneself 为自己
excuse oneself 自我辩解 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 help yourself to … 请自便 4. 指示代词
① this/these 一般指时间或空间上较近的事物;that/those 一般指时间或空间上较近 的事物 如:This is a book and that is a pen.(指空间)I read a book this morning.(指时间) ② 打电话时,this表示我 that 表示对方 如:Hello ,this is Mike . Who's that ? ③ so 和such 的用法
a. so 用作副词,修饰后面的形容词或副词 如:Why are you so late?
b. such 用于such a / an +(形容词)+可数名词单数或such +(形容词)+可数名 词复数或不可数名词结构中,作为形容词修饰后面的名词。
如:It's such a good book . Such things are not familiar to me. You can't make them work in such cold weather.
④ so + many /few + 可数名词复数,so + much /little + 不可数名词 5. 相互代词
Each other 多指两者;one another 指两者或两者以上的人或物,如: We all Chinese .We should help one another.
The students pointed out each other 's weak points. 6. 疑问代词
一般位于句首,在句中充当一定的成分,who,whom,whose,what,which
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