2016徐汇区高三英语二模试卷及答案

71. While shopping in Edinburgh, we may find that ___________.

A. Princes Street is the place where celebrities go shopping B. Edinburgh‘s main shopping drag is extremely expensive C. many high-end brands can be found in Harvey Nichols D. one cannot pay in cash when shopping in Harvey Nichols

72. The underlined word“edible”is closest in meaning to _____________.

A.beautiful B. eatable C. visible D. delicate 73. This page is most likely to be found at ___________.

A. http://www.britishairways.com/en-hk/destinations/edinburgh/flights-to-edinburgh B. https://www.rabbies.com/en/tour-scotland/one-day-tours-scotland-from-edinburgh C. https://www.virgintrainseastcoast.com/our-destinations/edinburgh-overview D. http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/discover/about-the-castle

(C)

Women are still underrepresented in top academic positions. One of the possible explanations for this is the increasing importance of obtaining research funding. Women are often less successful in this than men. Psychology researchers Dr. Romyvan der Lee and professor Naomi Ellemers investigated whether this difference also occurs at the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and examined potential explanations.

The researchers were assigned by NWO to carry out this study as part of the broader evaluation of NWO's procedures and its gender diversity policy. The aim was to gain more insight into the causes of the differences in awarding rates for male and female applicants for research funding. The analysis addressed an important ―talent programme‖ of NWO, the Veni grant. ―Whoever receives this grant has a greater chance of obtaining an important appointment at a university,‖says Naomi Ellemers.

Van der Lee and Ellemers investigated all the applications submitted by male and female researchers over a period of three years: a total of 2823 applications. Under the direction of NWO these applications were assessed by scientific committees consisting of men and women. The results demonstrate that the awarding rates for female applicants (14.9%) are systematically lower than those for male applicants (17.7%). ―If we compare the proportion of women among the applicants with the proportion of women among those awarded funding, we see a loss of 4%,‖ said Ellemers.

The study reveals that women are less positively evaluated for their qualities as researcher than men are. ―Interestingly the research proposals of women and men are evaluated equally positively. In other words, the reviewers see no difference in the quality of the proposals that men and women submit,‖ says Romy van der Lee.

In search for a possible cause for the differences in awarding rates and evaluations, the researchers also investigated the language use in the instructions and forms used to assess the quality of applications. This clearly revealed the occurrence of gendered language. The words that are used to indicate quality are frequently words that were established in previous research as referring mainly to the male gender stereotype (such as challenging and excellent). Romy van der Lee explains: ―As a result, it appears that men more easily satisfy the assessment criteria, because these better fit the characteristics stereotypically associated with men.‖

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In response to the results of this research, NWO will devote more attention to the gender awareness of reviewers in its methods and procedures. It will also be investigated which changes to the assessment procedures and criteria can most strongly contribute to more equal chances for men and women to obtain research funding. This will include an examination of the language used by NWO. NWO chair Jos Engelens said, ―The research has yielded valuable results and insights. Based on the recommendations made by the researchers we will therefore focus in the coming period on the development of evidence-based measures to reduce the difference in awarding rates.‖

74. Van der Lee and Ellemers carried out the research to find out whether ____________.

A. women are less successful than men in top academic positions B. female applicantsare at a disadvantage in getting research funding C. NOW‘s procedures and gender diversity policy enhance fair play

D. there are equal chances for men and women to be admitted to a university 75. Van der Lee and Ellemers‘ study shows that _____________.

A. grant receivers were more likely to get appointments at universities B. men applicantsfor research funding outnumbered women applicants C. the research proposals of women are equally treated with those of men D. the reviewers have narrow, prejudiced conceptions of women candidates

76. What might be the main cause for the differences in awarding rates and evaluations?

A. The wordsused in the instructions and forms. B. The reviewers‘ preference to applications. C. The methods and procedures for evaluation. D. The vague and unclear assessment criteria.

77. What will NWO probably do next in response to the results of this research?

A. Eliminate possibilities for difference in awarding rates. B. Design a language examination for all the reviewers. C. Emphasize the importance of gender awareness. D. Improve the assessment procedures and criteria.

Section C

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

Being a small business brings advantages the big ones can only dream of. Michael Heppell, author of the latest edition of ―5 Star Service‖, a book on customer service, has interesting take on this development. ―I‘m often amazed that smaller businesses think that the secret of success is to be more like the big ones, when in fact the opposite is true,‖ he said.

He pointed to the very different stories of two fishmongers (鱼贩) in his home town. Having served customers － including Heppell － for many years, the two were joined by a Tesco Extra, Waitrose and Marks & Spencer.

The firstfishmonger began to complain about these newly-arrived chains to the local press, and even his customers. He pointed out that he couldn‘t compete with them on price and finally closed down.

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―Fishmonger two was different,‖ explained Heppell. ―She worked hard to create a local brand and local loyalty. She would love to tell you about the fish, when and where it was caught and offer some little extras if you spent a few pounds more. She must have felt the effects of the three new arrivals in town but she didn‘t complain once. She survived, and of course, since her competitor closed she‘s never been busier.‖

Small businesses that want to grow should stop trying to imitate the big names, advised Heppell. ―Find out what they don‘t do that you can, and what you do that they can‘t. The secret is by providing brilliant levels of service,‖ he went on to say.

They should also start thinking about speed, believes Heppell, and realize that this can differentiate them from larger competitors. ―Smaller businesses can often change faster, adapt more easily and manage trends more quickly than the big boys. However, looking at many smaller businesses the opposite appears to be true. What can you do to get a first mover advantage?‖

Too often smaller business leaders feel that they have to offer whatever the larger players are offering. They believe that having a narrower range is a disadvantage, but they need to realize that it actually offers them a competitive edge.The mindset of many smaller business owners must change. They need to focus on how to improve their own businesses and what their customers really want.―Because we‘re small we can offer x, y and z. It‘s because we‘re local that we excel at a, b and c,‖ should be the message, said Heppell.

(Note: Answer the questions and complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)

78. The first fishmongercomplained about the newly-arrived chains because he thought __________.

79. The secondfishmonger survived because she managed to _____________.

80. What are the two advantages that smaller businesses can have according to Heppell?

81. According to the passage, instead of trying to imitate the big names, smaller business owners should __________.

第II卷（共47分）

I. Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1. 这首脍炙人口的歌曲改编自一首古老的民歌。（adapt）

2. 图书馆里借不到这本参考书，我只能去附近书店买。(available) 3. 学校董事会没有批准这一提案，也没有做出任何解释。（nor）

4. 飞机起飞前，乘务员的职责之一就是确保所有乘客都系好安全带。(ensure)

5. 要想发展科学，必须营造一种鼓励创新的环境，要允许自由探索，提倡学术争鸣。(advocate)

II. Guided Writing

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Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.

假设你是李华，学校有四个社团正招募新人（如下图所示），你希望加入其中一个。请你写一篇日记，谈谈你的想法。内容必须包括：

? 你希望加入的社团 ? 选择该社团的原因

? 你可以为该社团做些什么

注意：请勿透露本人真实姓名和学校名称。

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