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impact bias. He is the author of the international bestseller Stumbling on Happiness, which has been translated into more than 25 languages and which won the 2007 Royal Society Prizes for Science Books.

At the age of 19, Gilbert was a high school dropout who wanted to be a science fiction writer. In an attempt to improve his writing skills, he took a bus to the local community college to enroll in a creative writing class. When he was told that the creative writing class was full, he signed up for the only class that was still open: Introduction to Psychology. Gilbert eventually received a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from University of Colorado at Denver in 1981 and a Ph.D. in social psychology from Princeton University¡®s Department of Psychology in 1985.

Gilbert has won numerous awards for his teaching and research, including the Harvard College Professorship, the Phi Beta Kappa Teaching Prize, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and the American Psychological Association¡®s Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology. In 2008 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His essays have appeared in The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Forbes, TIME, and others. His short stories have appeared in Amazing Stories and Isaac Asimov¡®s Science Fiction Magazine, as well as other magazines and anthologies. He has been a guest on numerous radio and television shows including 20/20, the Today Show, Charlie Rose, and The Colbert Report. He is the host of the 6ª²hour NOVA television series ¨DThis Emotional Life¡¬ which aired on PBS in January, 2010. He and his wife, Marilynn Oliphant, live in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

6. David P. Barash (1946-) is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Washington, and is notable for several books on human aggression, peace studies, and the sexual behavior of animals and people. He received his bachelor¡®s degree in biology from Harpur College, State University of New York at Binghamton, and a Ph.D. in zoology from University of Wisconsinª²Madison in 1970. He taught at the State University of New York at Oneonta, and then accepted a permanent position at the University of Washington.

His most recent book is Natural Selections: selfish altruists, honest liars and other realities of evolution, based on articles in the Chronicle of Higher Education and published in 2007 by Bellevue Literary Press. Immediately before that was Madame Bovary¡®s Ovaries: a Darwinian look at literature, a popular but serious presentation of Darwinian literary criticism, jointly written with his daughter, Nanelle Rose Barash. He has also written over 230 scholarly articles and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, along with many other honors.

In 2008, a second edition of the textbook Peace and Conflict Studies coª²authored with Charles P. Webel was published by Sage. In 2009, Columbia University Press published How Women Got Their Curves and Other Justª²So Stories, a book on sex differentiation coª²authored with Judith Eve Lipton. Mmarried since 1977, Barash and Lipton live in Redmond, Washington.

7. Judith Eve Lipton, M.D. is a psychiatrist who has received many honors, including Fellowship in the American Psychiatric Association. She has practiced psychiatry since 1980, currently specializing in women¡®s issues.

8. Stephen Mitchell (born 1943 in Brooklyn, New York) is a poet, translator, scholar, and anthologist. He is married to author Byron Katie.

Stephen Mitchell was educated at Amherst College, the University of Paris, and Yale University. He is widely known for his translations and adaptations of ancient and modern classics of poetry and wisdom. Languages that Mitchell has translated from include German, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and Danish. He has also adapted classics from languages he doesn¡®t know, including Chinese (Tao Te Ching, The Second Book of the Tao), Sanskrit (Bhagavad Gita), and Akkadian or ancient Babylonian (Gilgamesh). He has written a book of poems, two books of fiction, and the nonfiction book The Gospel According to Jesus, and coª²wrote two books with Byron Katie, Loving What Is and A Thousand Names for Joy.

9. Arlene Skolnick, Ph.D., is a Visiting Scholar at the sociology department at New York University, and a consultant to the Families and Work Institute. For many years she was a member of the research staff at the Institute of Human Development, at the University of California, Berkeley, where she worked on the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, examining the emotional lives and marriages of study members as they evolved from childhood to middle age. More recently, Professor Skolnick has been studying the sources and impact of job stress on the families of police officers. She has also taken part in several interdisciplinary projects dealing with social science, law and family policy. In recent years, she helped to organize a monthly Family Policy Seminar at Berkeley, and coª²edited the book that grew out of the seminar: All Our Families: New Policies for a New Century. Professor Skolnick has published a number of other books and articles on marriage and the family, including Family in Transition and Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty. She is currently at work on a book entitled The Unfinished Family: The Future of Love and Work.

¡úII. Language Points

1. On successive occasions we adapt to the event and the experience yields less pleasure; ... On serial occasions we get accustomed to the marriage and the experience of marriage brings about less pleasure;...

successive: in regular succession without gaps; serial e.g. He won three successive matches. yield: bring about; give

adapt to: get accustomed to

2. psychologists ¨Dcall this habituation, economists call it declining marginal utility, and the rest of us call it marriage.¡¬ What we called marriage is considered as a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions by psychologists and decreasing marginal utility by economists.

habituation: a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions

e.g. Habituation is wonderfully adaptive when we are faced with adverse conditions, such as chronic noise or a permanent disability.

marginal utility: (economics) the amount that utility increases with an increase of one unit of an economic good or service

3. This kind of package deal is not easy to maintain and indeed many people fail while trying to do

so. Nevertheless, most people still pursue this deal. (Para. 1) Trying to maintain romantic love in marriage isn¡®t something easy, and many people are not successful in doing that. But most people are still trying hard to carry out the marriage agreement. package deal: set of proposals offered or accepted as a whole

e.g. Ministers are trying to put together a package (deal) that will end the dispute.

4. ...longª²term romantic relationships are problematic in that they lack significant changes, which are so meaningful to emotions in general and love in particular, ... (Para. 2) ...longª²term romantic relationships are questionable or difficult to deal with due to the lack of significant changes, which are so meaningful to all kinds of emotions and especially for love,...

5. ...In modern society, most of the penalties for dissolving a marriage have been removed and many of the incentives that marriage offers can be obtained in other social frameworks. (Para. 3) ...In modern society, most of the punishments for ending a marriage have been eliminated and many of the stimulus that marriage offers can be obtained in other social structures. dissolve: come to an end; break up e.g. Their marriage dissolved last year.

incentive: a positive motivational influence

e.g. He observed that there was a lack of incentive for people to share their information with the government truthfully.

6. ...as to ¨Dlive in a state of perpetual passion¡¬ would be to forgo much of the rest of life, and, in truth, there are other things. (Para. 4) ... concerning ¨D live in a state of constant passion¡¬ would be to give up much of the rest of life, and in fact, there are other things. as to: on the subject of; concerning e.g. I have no doubts as to your ability.

perpetual: uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing; constant e.g. the perpetual struggle to maintain standards in a democracy

He is on a perpetual search for truth.

forgo: do without or cease to hold or adhere to

e.g. Time to prepare was a luxury he would have to forgo. in truth: in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)

e.g. In truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire.

7. In any case, stability in marriage and wellª²being are not one and the same: a stable marriage does not necessarily mean that marriage is particularly gratifying or vital. (Para. 4) Whatever happens, stableness in marriage and wellbeing are not the same: a stable marriage does not necessarily mean that marriage is particularly satisfying or dynamic.

8. Such an increase by no means suggests that marriage is dead, but that a growing number of adults are spending more of their lives single or living unmarried with partners. (Para. 6) The increasing number of the single households in modern society doesn¡®t mean that marriage institution is out of date, but that a growing number of adults are spending more of their life time

alone or being with their partners while still remaining unmarried.

9. In light of such changes, the framework of marriage has been transformed from a formal contractual bond with hardly any possibility of future regret into an agreement that can be dissolved without the need to find cause, fault, or justification. (Para. 7) In view of such changes, the basic structure of marriage has been changed from a formal written agreement, which is binding and can¡®t be regretted in the future, into an agreement that can be ended without finding cause, fault, or good reason.

in light of= in the light of:in view of sth.; considering sth.

e.g. Various countries should be allowed to choose their own path of development and determine their model and pace of openingª²up in light of their own national conditions.

10. Hence, there is no need to be ashamed of following one¡®s heart and terminating the marriage, or even in having an affair of the heart. (Para. 7) Therefore, one doesn¡®t need to feel ashamed of following one¡®s heart and bringing the marriage to an end, or even in having romance with someone you love.

terminate: bring to an end or halt

e.g. The employer requires to terminate the contract.

11. Romantic love involves commitment, and commitment is enforced by marriage, which imposes constraints against any reduction to that commitment. (Para. 9) Romantic love requires solemn pledge, and pledge is strengthened by restraint within marriage from decrease.

12. But in ideal love, commitment is internal; it does not stem from external and imposed chains, but from intrinsically valuable attitudes toward the beloved. (Para. 9) But in ideal love, commitment doesn¡®t arise from outward or inflicted restraints but from your inner heart, your inherent valuable attitudes to the person you love.

stem from: arise from sth.; have sth. as its origin or cause

e.g. The present wave of strikes stems from discontent among the lowerª²paid. intrinsically: with respect to its inherent nature

e.g. The Romantics believed that the life of the imagination was intrinsically valuable.

13. ¨DLove and marriage may go together like a horse and carriage, but it is crucial that the horse of passion quickly be tethered by the weight of the carriage of respectability to prevent runaways.¡¬ (Para. 9) ¨DLove and marriage may harmonize with each other like a horse and carriage, but it is vital that the horse of passion may soon be restrained by the weight of the carriage of respectability to keep the passion from fading.¡¬ go together: °éËæ, ¹²´æ

e.g. Poverty and disease often go together. tether: ÓÃÉþ×Ó˩ס(ÉüÐó);ÖÆÔ¼

respectability: honorableness by virtue of being respectable and having a good reputation

14. ¨DThe death of marriage has been proclaimed countless times in American history; and yet no matter how many times it fails to die, the threat never seems to lose its power.¡¬ (Para. 12) ¨DThe