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文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished. E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him. The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。 = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. F． with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit. 提示：
在with without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略） 四、 独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。 A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。 1．表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.） All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
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（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.） With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。
（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.） 2．表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.) 3．表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. 如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.） All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.） 提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。 【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。 【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.
【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。 4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.） The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.） B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
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You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle) 你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。 (without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road ) = He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides. 提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful. 如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构） If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided. 如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构） 考题诠释：
，we went swimming in the river. (2003年12月A级真题) A. The day being very hot B. It was a very hot day C. The day was very hot D. Being a very hot day
[答案] A 独立主格结构，如果名词/主格代词是分词所表示动作的发出者，用现在分词；如果名词/主格代词是分词所表示动作的承受者，用过去分词。在句中作状语。
专项训练
Directions: In this section, there are 40 incomplete sentences. You are required to complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or words from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. 1. It was because he was ill he didn’t go to school. A. that B. when C. then D. so 2. It was his brother was his co-author.
A. that B. when C. then D. so 3. It is by teaching I make a living.
A. so B. such C. that D. which
4.It was with great joy he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home.
A. that B. so C. since D. for 5. It was John clean the window.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which 6. Was it by train you traveled last summer?
A. which B. what C. and D. that 7. It was not until 1979 the secret was public.
A. that B. then C. when D. which 8. It's Tom is the best student in our class.
A. which B. what C. whom D. who 9. It was in this very place ______ I got to know my wife.
A. where B. when C. that D. which 10. It was orange they painted the wall.
A. that B. when C. then D. so
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11. , he doesn't study well.
A. As clever is he B. He is as clever C. Clever as he is D. As clever he is 12. Hardly down he stepped in. A. had I sat ... than B.I had sat ... with C. had I sat ... then D. had I sat ... when 13. that everyone stared at him.
A. So absurd did he look B. So absurd he looked C. Such absurd did he look D. Such absurd he looked 14. Only by shouting . A. he was able to make himself hear B. he was able to make himself heard C. was he able to make himself hear D. was he able to make himself heard
15. She is not fond of cooking. I.
A. So am B. Nor am C. Neither do D. Nor do 16. In the room a big table and a great many chairs.
A. do they found B. has found C. are found D. have found 17. right away, he might have been alive.
A. If he was operated on B. Had he been operated on C. Was he operated on D. Should he been operated on 18. Standing beside the desk .
A. the secretary was B. did the secretary be C. was the secretary D. did the secretary was 19. There was a sudden gust of wind and . A. away his hat went B. away went his hat C. away did his hat go D. away his hat did go
20. Not until the game had begun at the sports ground. A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive D. should he have arrived 21. Only in this way catch up with your brothers.
A. do you can B. can you C. you can D. you do can 22. “I had met her many times before yesterday.” “So .” A. did I B. had I C. I did D. I had 23. No sooner there he fell ill.
A. he had arrived … when B. he had arrived … than C. had he arrived … when D. had he arrived … than 24. Never to America.
A. I have been B. do I have C. have I been D. have I do 25. Through the window . A. did the fresh air come B. came the fresh air C. did come the fresh air D. the fresh air come 26. In no case forget the help that they gave us.
A. do we should B. should we C. we should D. we do should
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27. , he managed to find time to go to see his doctor. A. As he is busy B. As he was busy C. Busy as he was D. Busy as he is 28. , we should be glad. A. Were they to arrive tomorrow B. Were they arriving tomorrow C. If they arrive tomorrow D. They were to arrive tomorrow 29. Look, . A. here are some letters for you B. here some letters are for you C. here some letters for you are D. here for you are some letters 30. Completely wrong .
A. what you said was B. did what you said be C. be what you said did D. was what you said 31. , we had to take a taxi. A. There being B. There being no bus C. There is no bus D. Being no bus 32. , the class meeting was closed. A. Nobody had any more to say B. Nobody has any more to say C. Since nobody having any more to say D. Nobody having any more to say 33. The manager sat quietly in the office, . A. his eyes closed B. his eyes were closed C. his eyes is closed D. his eyes closing] 34. , we went to the seaside for a holiday. A. The job finishing B. We finished the job C. With the job finishing D. With the job finished 35. , we have to postpone our picnic. A. Raining today B. It is raining today C. It being raining today D. It rains today 36. , I could finish the task ahead of time. A. With the plan in mind B. Having been with the plan C. Being the plan D. Without plan in mind 37. She looked in my face . A. her tears streamed down her cheeks B. her tears was streaming down her cheeks C. with tears streaming down her cheeks D. with tears streamed down her cheeks 38. , his suggestion seems costly. A. Everything taken into account B. Everything taking into account C. Taking everything into account D. Thinking of everything 39. , I could hardly complete the project in two days. A. Without enough workers around me B. With enough workers around me C. Many workers around me D. Many workers are around me 40. Barbara just lay there, . A. her mouth trembling and her eyes unfocused. B. her mouth trembled and her eyes unfocusing C. her mouth trembled and her eyes unfocused D. her mouth trembling and here eyes unfocusing
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