文体学整理

Stylistics

Introduction to stylistics: Necessity of the course

1) the ultimate aim: cultivation of creative thinking 2) general education

3) an interdisciplinary field of study— involves the combining of the two or more academic field into one single discipline

4) the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective Chapter 1 Style and Stylistics

1.1 A Taste of Style

Style is considered an important factor in writing, and is an important part of a writing course. But often people pay little attention to it in speech. Actually, it is important in both speech and writing. What is style? From the perspective of the ways of expression used, style is saying the same thing in different ways. From the perspective of the users of the language, style is speakers addressing different people in different ways. From the perspective of the function of the text, style is the functions of texts for different purposes.

The definition of style used in this book is a general, linguistic-oriented one: Manners indicating prominent liguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. What is stylistics? Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels. Stylistics is an inter ?disciplinary(跨学科的，学科间的) field of study. 1.3 The Stylistic Features 1.Sound features. → Phonology 2.Spelling. → Graphology 3.Words. → Lexicon 4.Grammar. → Syntax 5.Meaning. → Semantics Sound features:

Pun双关: Using the same sound to express different meanings in the same context.

1. Seven days without water makes one weak. 七天不进水，人就会虚弱。 weak和week是同音异义词。因此这句话听起来可以理解为：Seven days without water makes one week

2. You earn your living and you urn your dead. 人们谋求生计，火化死者。 earn与urn(火化)同音异义，用在一起显得俏皮，别有趣味。 Alliteration头韵: first and foremost（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）weal and (or) woe（无论是福是祸）

Rhyme: 韵律Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are! Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky! Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are!

Elision:省略 Waitin' for me /I 'aven‘t

3.Words: Words used in different contexts can result in different styles, such as ―spitting‖ and ―expectoration‖, ―die‖, ―pass away‖, and ―kick the bucket‖. 4.Grammar:

１.The change of active voice to passive 2.The inversion of the sentence structures 3.The use of it-construction

4.The use of parallel structures平行结构 Said the fly, ―Let us flee,‖ Said the flee, ―Let us fly,‖

5.The use of long sentences or short sentences, elliptical sentences省略句, simple sentences or complex sentences

5.Meaning: There are meanings of different fields, such as military training, knitting, family affairs, etc. The meaning can also be manipulated to achieve a particular style, such as the personification of animals. 1.3 Example 1:

She did not even turn her head when she heard him[her son]come stomping into the kichen. She heard him pull up a chair, sit, sigh, and draw off his muddy shoes; they fell to the floor with heavy thuds. Soon the kitchen was full of the scent of his drying socks and his burning pipe. Tha boys hongry. She paused and looked at him over his shoulder: he was puffing at his pipe with his head tilted back and his feet propped up on the edge of the stove; his eyelids drooped and his wet clothes steamed from the heat of the fire. Lawd, that boy gits ma like his pa every day he livers, she mused, her lips breaking in a slow faint smile. Hols tha pipe in his mouth just like his pa usta hol his. Wondah how they woulda got erlong ef his pa hada lived. They oughta like each other, they so mucha likd. Example 2: At half-past eleven her husband came. His cheeks were very red and very shiny above his black moustache. His head nodded slightly. He was pleased with himself.

―Oh! Oh! Waitin' for me, lass? I‘ve bin 'elpi' Anthony, an' what‘s think he‘s gen me? Nowt b'r a lousy hae f-crown, an' that‘s ivry penny.‖

―He thinks you‘ve made the rest up in beer,‖ she said shortly.

―An 'I 'aven‘t – that I 'aven‘t. you 'b'lieve me. I‘ve 'ad very little this day. I have an' all.‖ His voice went tender. ―Here, an' I browt thee a bit' o brandysnap, an' acoconut for th' children.‖

He laid the gingerbread and the coconut, a hairy object, on the table. ―Nay, tha niver said thank yer for nowt I' thy life, did ter?‖

1.5 The Scope of Study 1. General Stylistics

General stylistics studies different varieties of language. For example, according to field of discourse, with the related functions of language used in different genres(文学作品类型), novels, poetry, scientific treatises协议条约, and legal documents.

2. Literary Stylistics

Literary Stylistics studies variations characteristic of different literary genres----poetry, novels, drama, etc., with the purpose of promoting literary texts as communicative acts. 3. Theoretical Stylistics

Theoretical Stylistics studies the theories, the origin, the trend, and the historical development of stylistics as well as characteristics of different branch of stylistics. Chapter 2 Procedure of Stylistic Analysis a) linguistic description b) textual analysis

C) contextual factors analysis

2.1 Linguistic Description

Linguistic description refers to the exploration and classification of linguistic features of a given text. ? A linguistic feature is shown by its consistency and relative frequency. ? Linguistic description: phonology, graphology, lexis, syntax/grammar, and semantics. ? Phonetics studies the characteristics of human sound-making. ? Phonology studies the inventory of distinctive sounds and the patterns. 2.2.1 The phonological category

Phoneme: the basic unit in phonological analysis 音位，音素

It is any of the units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another.一个语言系统中能够区分词义的最小的语音单位 E.G. pad, pat, bad, bat

sound pattern:Certain phonemes can be put together to form some patterns, and such patterns can be used to achieve stylistic effects (including alliteration, assonance, consonance, etc)

Alliteration refers to the repetition of the initial sound, usually a consonant, or a vowel at the first position, in two or more words that occur close together. Example:

Cold are the crabs that crawl on yonder hills. Colder are the cucumber that grow beneath…

Alliteration头韵 is used to link together words that are similar in feeling or thought. Here it seems useful to point out that in English there is an idiom‖as cool as a cucumber‖ which means ―very cool or calm‖.

Assonance 类韵refers to the use of the same, or related, vowel sounds in successive words. Example:

Think from how many trees Dead leaves are brought To earth on seed or wing… trees→ leaves → seed

Consonance尾韵 refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the words at the end of the lines. Example: 1. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free.

We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.

2. Nothing lovelier than that lonely call, Bare and singular, like a gull,

And three notes or four, then that was all. It drew up from the quiet like a well, Waited, sang, and vanishing, was still.

头韵——breeze,blew. Foam,flew furrow,followed,free

类韵——first,bust breeze,free,sea 尾韵——free,sea

Rhyme includes end rhyme, para-rhyme, reverse rhyme and internal rhyme

1.End rhyme/rhyme refers to a rhyme scheme in which the vowel and the final consonant keep constant while the initial consonant keeps changing. E.g. Mrs. White Had a fright

In the middle of the night Saw a ghost Eating toast

Half way up a lamppost ? Masculine rhyme单韵 and feminine rhyme: Masculine rhyme: a rhyme only consists of a stressed syllable. THOU mastering me

God! Giver of breath and bread; World‘s strand, sway of the sea; Lord of living and dead Feminine rhyme双韵: a rhyme consists of the vowel of the stressed syllable and the following unstressed syllables. But when the days of golden dreams had perished And even Despair was powerless to destroy, Then did I learn how existence could be cherished, Strengthed and fed without the aid of joy. Internal Rhyme中间韵: a rhyme scheme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line. E.G.

1. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king, Then bloom each thing, then maids dance in a ring. 2. Far from city‘s strident jangle as I angle. Para-rhyme副韵: a kind of rhyme scheme in which the initial and final consonants of the final stressed syllable of the line keep constant while vowels change. （笔记本） It seemed that out of battle I escaped Down some profound tunnel, long since scooped Through granites which titanic wars had groined. Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned, Too fast in thought or death to be bestired Then as I probed them, one sprang up, and stared Reverse Rhyme倒尾韵: a rhyme scheme that is formed by repeating the initial consonants and the vowel, while the final consonants keep changing. Example:

My aspens dear, whose airy cage quelled, Quelled or quenched in leaves the leaping sun,All felled, felled, are all felled; Function of Rhyme:

The general function of rhymes is to get the texts more organized and to bestow ?music‘ to the text. 2.2.2 The Graphological Category Period

Period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occurs in high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information, such as expositionor narration. But when a period is absent from a place it should occur, it can also produce some stylistic effect. Example:

School‘s Out Cats run,

Girls scream, Horses shy; Boys shout; Into trees Dogs bark, Birds fly.

School‘s out Babes wake Old man, Open-eyed; Hobble home; If they can, Merry mites, Tramps hide. Welcome.

Comma

Example: 1. How, is, my, lit,tle, friend? How, is, my, lit,tle, friend. 2. syllable refers to a word or part of a word

which contains a single vowel sound. 一个元音可构成一个音节，一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节.但英语辅音字母中有 4 个辅音 [m]，[n]，[ng]，[l]是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。 The Ellipsis of Punctuation Marks: ? This is just to say→ I have eaten→

the plums→ that were in→ the icebox→ and which→

you were probably → saving →

for breakfast → Spatial Arrangement: Example: She loves me She loves me not She loves She loves me She She loves She ? Point out the special stylistic effects created by punctuation标点符号 marks in the following English and Chinese sentences.

1. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable– and let it come!! I repeat it, sir, let it come!!!

VALENTINE(with growing impetuosity) Yes: I sat next her: and I never said a single thing to her the whole time:couldn’t think of a blessed word. And not a word did she say to me. CARMPTON Well?

VALENTINE, Well? Well? (Tackling him very seriously, and tackling faster and faster)… 3. ―晶晶―你等等我！‖ 卫卫痛苦地向着晶晶远去的身影呼喊。 海滨上空响起一个女孩响亮而清晰的声音： ―我们从此―一、刀、两、断！‖

4. ―你是不是早恋了？？？？？？？？？？？‖ ―我早恋了！！！！！！！！！！？‖

破折号 dash 感叹号 exclamation 顿号 pause mark 问号 question mark

Analyze the spatial arrangement of the following poem and the meaning that the poem express. 40-Love

middle aged couple playing

ten nis when the game ends and they go home the net will still be be tween them

2.2.3 The lexical Category

1.Words are the basic units of meaning. What words to select in the creation of 2.a text will be significant in creating certain stylistic effect.

Swift once says, ―Proper words in proper places make true style.‖ 3.Standard or common words

4. Avoid using colloquial, non-standard, slang, informal, archaism, or literary words.\\

Field, tenor and mode

? Field场合、主题: what is happening, including the subject matter, the events, happenings, going-ons, the content, etc.

? Tenor语旨: who is taking part in the exchange of meaning― the relationship between the speaker and the listener, their relative status, their attitude, and their role relations, such as teacher/student, boss/worker, etc.

? Mode传达方式: how the interaction is conducted, whether it is written or spoken, or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. Field: words of different domain

The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust territories. Tenor: the relationship