佩佩语法完全版

!!注意unit nouns: dollars or gallons. 作为一个一笔钱，是不可数的

!!使用numbers 这个单词时，要用greater than（在表示数字比较的时候）

!!使用 Increase表示的是the change of one thing over time; 使用 Greater表示的是比较

9、to和for在表示目的时的区别（详细见错题修饰-4） 一般认为for doing单纯表目的，是对前面名词的补充说明。而to do会有逻辑主语的问题。

错题集合

10、不定式to do结构的一些注意事项 ①词性：

名词：I love to swim. (所以to do结构可以作为主语) 形容词：The person to meet is here. 副词：Sue paused to eat lunch.

②注意，to do结构的动作发起者就是逻辑主语 1、Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride.

错误选项：Minivans, carrying as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, 错误选项的错误在于，noun + modifier + modifier，这样的结构容易歧义，这里的compared可以被认为修饰passengers

五、Parallelism

1、Basic Principle of Parallelism

(1) The parallel structures are indicated by PARALLEL TAGS (signal works or markers) !! not omit words that follow each tag --> must be Parallel Grammar

(2) 遇到了and 或者 or的时候，需要从right to left，因为右边的是再tag后面的，然后到前面找到平行

①三个或三个以上并立时，出现AND和COMMA的时候，COMMAS andAND are tags ②the MODIFIERS don't have to - and shouldn't - be parallel to the MAIN ACTION

③MUST BE \X,Y,and Z\这样才表示三个例举例子

eg: hand signs used by natives and appearing in local rituals！！

记住这个特例，and 前后是appearing 和 used 都是participial phrase用于adj

*有that从句出现时，要注意that的平行

(3) NOT PERFECT PARALLEL:

eg: They argue just as frequently and about the same topics as the couple living next door to them. *这里的as frequently 和 about the same topics都是作adv修饰argue

!! between X and Y 必须平行

!!not allowed to end modifiers with prepositions! eg:the restaurant we ate At 错误

the restaurant AT WHICH WE ATE 正确

(4) Ideas reference parallel---> structures to be parallel

!!什么时候要在第二个比较处补出动词（helping verb的位置可以在noun后面，也可以在noun前面，但是如果有Modifier修饰noun,动词只能在前面） (1) if they are required by 2-part parallel signals(both...and,etc) (2) to resolve AMBIGUITY

eg:I know more about Shakespeare than my brother错误

I know more about Shakespeare than my brother does正确

2、AND的平行结构：

(1)结构成分是independent（除非they are sequence) (2)在优先级或者重要水平上相同 eg: I like apples, grapes, and bananas.

We ate dinner, saw a show, and (then) went to a club.

!! eg: A truck crashed in front of me on the freeway, and I was late to work.错误

改为因果关系： A truck crashed in front of me on the freeway, making me late to work. 或者 A truck crashed in front of me on the freeway, and I was thus late to work.

2.1、as well as 的平行结构 ①和as much as的用法差不多

Eg: She doesn’t play the piano as well as you do. ②as well as 连接名词 A as well as B is

③as well as 连接动词时，动词用动名词形式 She sings as well as playing the piano

④as well as 连接简单动词形式，构成一个插入语 He works, as well as sleeps, in the room.

⑤as well as 连接（分词或不定式动词）

We are repairing the roof, as well as painting the walls.

You ought to play games, as well as study books. (有to的时候要省略to) ⑥as well as放在句首，作介词，表达“除了…以外” As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. ⑦连接形容词、副词，类似于and She is clever as well as beautiful. ⑧连接介词短语或从句

3、Linking verb (系动词) = be become

Eg: The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love.（描述 X是Y的时候， XY的结构要相同） ** TO BE Isare was were am been be being OTHERS Appearbecome feel grow look remain represent resemble seem smell sound stay taste turn !!平行结构中的成分拆开组合一定要make sense，用这个方法可以用来检验平行结构

Eg: We were dismayed to learn that our neighbors were untidy, disagreeable, and they were uninterested to make new friends.错误！

改:We were dismayed to learn that our neighbors were untidy, disagreeable, and uninterested in making new friends.

!!平行结构中定语从句平行一定要带上先行词（比如that）

4、平行词 (1)名词

①Concrete nouns

②Action nouns, Complex gerund ③Simple gerund

(1)修饰词

①adjectives, participles

5、平行结构中的省略情况 当遇到FANBOYS时，如果平行结构中出现be or become 这样的helping words可以进行省略 Eg：these are actually BOTH correct. here are the parallel structures:

lola is 34 years old and thus is too young to compete in the Masters division. lola is 34 years old and thus too young to compete in the Masters division

The city’s streets could be cleaner, its fire code better enforced, and its crime rate reduced if the current administration improved its management practices.（省略了could be）

六、Comparisons

1、COMPARISON

(1) Literal comparisons or contrasts eg: X is like Y/ X is unlike Y X does Y, as Z does

(2) Quantitative comparisons eg: Greater than, less than More than, as as, Half as much as, 30% of

(3) General situations that aren't literally comparisons, but that require comparable things eg: I mistook X for Y

The company replaced X with Y

!! parallelism should be written in GRAMMATICAL FORMS that are as Simple as possible 两个方面：语法形式/逻辑语义

*比较过程中，如果前面是单数想要和复数进行比较的话，后面不能用those来指代，而是应该用该单词的复数形式

2、Markers Marker Like Unlike As Than As adj. As Different from In contrast to/with

(1)like的进阶

★Like放在最后时，容易产生歧义

Eg：I want to coach divers Like G L歧义(又可以修饰divers又可以修饰I) 正确的一个表达方式：Some scientists contend that many species of dinosaur had a metabolism more like a warm-blooded mammal's than a cold-blooded reptile's. (2)as的进阶

①as 作为连词：表示同时，原因，像…一样；后面一般接一个完整句子 *特殊情况：As in the previous case, the judge took an early break. ②as 作为介词：表示修饰前面的那个名词（作为……）

!! I will jump up as a clown.这里不能说像小丑一样跳，而是说打扮成小丑 如果想表达像小丑一样，改为：I will jump up as a clown might/ do ③as … as的用法

基本意思是“与……一样”，其中第一个as为副词，其后通常形容词或副词(原级)，第二个as可用作介词（后面接名词或代词）或连词（后接从句）。 1）在否定句中用 not so … as

2） 在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但若涉及数量或程度，可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“as many+复数名词+as”。如：

You’ve made as many mistakes as I have. I haven’t got as much money as I thought.。 其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)。如：

Sample Structure Like the cat, the dog is friendly. The cat, like the dog, is friendly. Unlike her parents, she has green eyes. In California, Unlike Florida, the humidity is moderate. David is smart, as is Abby. You have earned a better score than I have. C’s revenues are considerably higher than S’s M is as likely as Sam to win the promotion. My current job is quite Different from my last one. Canada’s housing market did not suffer many difficulties during the economic downturn, In contrast to the housing market in the US.