GMAT ISSUE提纲

3.诚然集体的每个任务都是许多个别员工的努力组成的.但是这其中的每个人都不是完全独立的.没有设计人员,生产人员无法生产,而没有生产人员,销售人员亦无法销售.

regimentation团队精神 each does his or her own duty technology organic organically

37. “Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”“由于对现代社会来说，科学和技术正在变得越来越基本，学校应该投入更多的时间教授科学技术而减少艺术和人文的教育。

1艺术可以使人更好地投入到科学技术的研究中.起到一定的促进作用.For example, recent studies of cognitive development show that studying music at an early age can strengthen a child's later grasp of mathematics. And understanding philosophical concepts has helped scients recognize their own presuppositions, and frame their central questions more accurately. 2从前人前辈的成就和伟大人格中我们可以得到促进和激励更好的投入到工作和学习生活中.

3单独只有科学技术我们只能找到解决问题的办法即我只是知道how to do而不知道should we do

.... . This is not to say, however, that ... . To the contrary mathematicians cognitive strengthen grasp philosophical philosophy presupposition presumption premise assumption intellectual inspire dominate predominate autonomous autonomy liberal arts 文科 contemporary

38. “Courtesy is rapidly disappearing from everyday interactions, and as a result, we are all the poorer for it.” “礼貌正在从每日的交流中迅速消失。作为结果，我们的生活也变差了。”

1事实上随着教育技术的进步和人们物质精神生活充实,我们的社会在变的越来越文明,而人们也越来越礼貌. 2作者有这种感觉可能是因为人们倾向于对不好的事情有更深刻的记忆.

Another reason that the claim is suspect is that we tend to remember negative encounters with people more so than positive ones, probably because of bad experience tend to be more traumatic and sensational, if not more interesting to talk about. 3诚然有一部分人的行为确实很不礼貌,但仅仅由于个别人的行为推断整个社会显然是不合理的.

education technic technology technician enrich civilization civilize civilized courtesy discourtesy memorable newsworthy suspect traumatic 外伤的创伤的 sensitional rationale

39. “It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”“人们要在不牺牲实现个人生活的重要方面的情况下达到专业成功是很难的。” 1两者并不矛盾而是相互促进相辅相成

2科学技术的进步使人更高效率的工作也能让人更好的协调两者的关系 3诚然一定的牺牲是必然要做出的但是绝对不是生活中的重要方面

40. “With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation, people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens of a particular country.”

随着对全球经济和跨国公司的关注增加，人们需要理解他们作为世界公民的角色比作为一个特定国家的公民的角色更重要 1两者并不是完全对立的环保

2事实上两者可以相互促进一个人在一个国家做慈善工作很可能也会有一天为别的国家的人服务 3当两者冲突的时候哪个更重要取决与不同的情况。

代替取代supersede compatible be compatible with... citizenship domain This one person would be acting consistently as a citizen of community, state, nation and world.admittedly conflicting obligation arise dual Admittedly, conflicting/clashing/discordant obligations sometimes arise as a result of our new dual citizenship.obligatory In sum, although our \lead to conflict, one role need not automatically take precedence over the other. more often than not The relationship between the two roles is, more often than not, a complementary one, and can even be synergistic. synergistic coactive complement complementary supplement

41. “The best way to preserve the natural environment is to impose penalties—whether fines, imprisonment, or other punishments—on those who are most responsible for polluting or otherwise damaging it.”

1诚然使用惩罚措施会对环境破坏者起到一定的遏止作用。当他们考虑到破坏环境可能带来的严重后果，他们可能就会不再进行会造成环境破坏的行为。

2把环保概念灌输给我们的民众并使之成为他们思维的一个部分并且会自觉遵守是一个更好的办法。这样可以从根本上解决环境污染的问题。人们在行事之前会把环境问题考虑进去作为一个前提。而惩罚这种方法实际上是治标不治本。 3此外后者的执行成本长期来看更小。因为任何一个强制性措施都必然导致不遵守监管调查以及监督。

It is not the only way, nor the best way. elicit reluctant reluctance unwilling compliance effective deterrent deter remedy deny disclaim disacknowledge acknowledge knowledge conceal reveal bribe lobby legislator intuition inculcate genuine executive regulation regulate instill take temporary solution effect a permenant cure commitment-driven compliance-driven enforcement investigation

42. “Scientists are continually redefining the standards for what is beneficial or harmful to the environment. Since these standards keep shifting, companies should resist changing their products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations become government regulations.”“科学家在不断重新制定对环境什么是有利的，什么是有害的的标准。由于这些标准不停变动，面对新建议，公司应该保持他们的产品和流程不变直到新的建议成为国家标准为止。” 1科学家的建议也并不一定都是正确的。很有可能他的结论适用面很窄。或者他所得到的数据有错误等等。 2对企业来说频繁的变更产品和生产流程会造成很大的经济损失

3诚然等待国家制定标准很可能存在滞后等问题但是比较起来以上的问题还是应该等待国家制定标准。此外一个折中的方案是国家成立专门的机构快速地对新的方案和建议做出评价并迅速制定标准

split the difference lag evaluate

43. “The most important reason for studying history is not that knowledge of history can make us better people or a better society but that it can provide clues to solving the societal problems that we face today.”

1历史是什么records of past events 历史是客观的，不带有任何主观色彩subjective colouring和价值判断的。它是不能使得我们成为better people better society的。它只负责把过去的得失成败gain and loss success and failure展现给我们。

2但是从这种客观的记录里面我们可以通过研究总结sum up得到成功的经验和失败的教训从而知道我们现今遇到的问题的解决办法。每一次大萧条之后经济学都会得到突飞猛进advance rapidly的发展正是这个道理

3诚然，随着科学技术的进步今天和以后同过去所遇到的问题可能是十分不同的。但是人类的发展是连续consecutive的，我们总可以从历史和现实中找到一定的联系一定的类比。

44. “All companies should invest heavily in advertising because high-quality advertising can sell almost any product or service.” 1有些情况可能适合用高质量的广告。例如刚成立的fledgling公司或者已经成立的公司要推广新产品。又比如那些生产区分度很小的产品的企业广告是把他们和竞争对手分开的最好方法。differentiate distinguish

2有些情况可能就不一定适用。例如某些具有垄断性质的公司就没有必要投入很大在广告上面。monopoly 3是否要做高质量甚至要不要做广告实际上取决于做广告的机会成本。就是如果把这笔钱投入到其他的方面如技术革新等会不会带来更大的收益。opportunity cost technology innovation top-notch name recognition sensational advertising

45. “The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is to follow the highest standards of ethics.”

反面的例子可以是说如果从最高的道德规范来看有些污染环境的行业根本就不应该存在。但是从企业的长期发展来看以及从社会的福利最大化来看，只要污染控制在一定范围就好。如化工厂只要把排污控制在国家规定的范围就好。 1道德不明确，每个人的标准不一样

2法律立法时符合大多数人的要求明确具体 3时滞可以用提高立法效率来解决 和AI034基本一样。

46. Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies, but bureaucracy is far more damaging to a business than it is to a government.

1非绩效工资导致了政府里的官僚主义者bureaucratist bureaucratic基本上不会介意官僚主义带来的成本损失。 2垄断性质也导致了这一点。没有竞争对手rival没有倒闭close down 的威胁同样会导致官僚主义的产生

3但是官僚主义一旦产生确实会对公司的影响比政府的影响来的大的多。可能直接导致企业的破产go bankrupt，倒闭。而政府的影响则是长期的和隐性的。recessive inherently monopolistic breed bureaucracy streamline operations

47. The primary responsibility for preventing environmental damage belongs to government, not to individuals or private industry. 1个人往往是按照自己的利益办事即使有环保意愿但和个人利益冲突或要损失个人利益时候往往就会选择牺牲环境moreover个人往往是短视的，只关注眼前不注意长远。政府则相反 2环保常常规模很大，个人无力完成。

3诚然每个保护环境的措施都是要个人的参与的。但是这种参与是在政府的统筹下的。象作者那样的论断是草率的 和13基本一样on behalf of 代表They act in positions of authority on behalf of goverment or industry.

48. In matching job candidates with job openings, managers must consider not only such variables as previous work experience and educational background but also personality traits and work habits, which are more difficult to judge. 除了教育背景过去的工作经验之外确实有很多更难量化的因素需要一个公司去衡量 1是否诚信是否对公司忠诚是决定一个员工是否可以为公司作出贡献的基本要素。一个有很好教育背景很丰富的工作经验但对公司不忠诚不诚信的人反而可能会对公司带来更大的伤害。他很可能会利用他的经验和专业知识做一些对自己有利而损害公司利益的事情

2一个人的对生活的态度对他是否胜任一项工作同样重要。这直接决定了他是积极地还是消极地对待自己的工作。尽管这一指标很难判断很难量化是隐性的但是同样十分重要。

3评价一个员工的是否胜任某一项工作仅仅从他是否有完成某个特定任务的能力来判断是不够的。因为在一个公司里面工作，每个人都需要和其他人协同没有人可以完全独立。因此员工是否可以和别人很好的沟通是否有团队精神也是很重要的一个衡量指标。

honest honesty dishonest dishonesty loyal loyalty instead An employee with excellent expertise and a lot of previous work experience but dishonest and not loyal to the company will sometimes do no good to the company while do harm instead, because they may use their expertise and experience to do something that can benefit themselves while damage the company. optimistic pessimistic optimism pessimism negative positive index quantify recessive likewise compatible interdependent dependent independent quantifiable

Cultural differences cause disharmony.Children should be taught to think internationally,rather than being drilled in their own history and culture. Do you agree or disagree? why?

1该陈述犯了一个以偏概全的错误。正所谓不能因噎废食，同样不能因为多样性会造成矛盾不和就否定它。

2正是丰富多彩的文化使我们的精神世界更加充实。也正是文化的相互碰撞使我们的社会更加进步。只有民族的才是世界的，小孩子当然的要更多的涉猎本国的文化和历史。

3诚然文化碰撞有时候会带来文化冲突甚至战争。但这些并不是多样性本身造成的而是一种文化的持有着一定要征服另一种文化而造成的。只要我们都能本着求同存异的思想这个问题是可以解决的。

34 “An employee should not publicize a company?s ethical violations if doing so could harm the company.” 1道德不明确，每个人的标准不一样

2法律立法时符合大多数人的要求明确具体 3时滞可以用提高立法效率来解决

43. “People are more effectively motivated by myths and symbols than by logic and reasons.”

1对大多数的人来说。作者的结论是成立的。当我们还是孩童的时候逻辑和道理在我们的理解范围之外。即使当我们成为了大人仍然更多的时候是被myths和symbols所motivated。这大概就是为什么产品的科学含量很高的说明书远没有朋友的经验，电视的广告更能给我们带来购买欲望的原因

2当然有些凡事都很理性的成年人更趋于被logic和reasons所motivated。生活中的他们显得更理性凡事都要问个所以然来。他们或者曾被表象所欺骗或者天生就对logic和reason更敏感。

50. How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate? Some highly successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation.

Do you think that this is an effective means of communicating expectations? If not, what alternative should a manager use in dealing with someone whose work is less than satisfactory? Explain your views on this issue. Be sure to support your position with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

1出言侮辱和威吓会使员工对自己失去信心感到受了侮辱非但不会更好的把工作干好反而会把工作弄的更糟。

2就算他或她在短期有了改善也会对经理甚至是整个公司产生抵触情绪resentment，在长期中他或她也不会全心全意地为公司工作。

Moreover, while verbal abuse might produce the desired reaction at a particular time, it is likely to backfire later. Nobody likes to be abused or intimidated. If such methods were the general practice in an office or division, overal morale would probably be low. And it is unlikely that employees would give 100 percent to managers who so obviously disregarded them.

3相反地为了有效地改善员工的工作状况。经理应该循循善诱be good at teaching为员工分析问题的根源并引导他们找到解决的方法。因为大多数的员工都不会存心犯错。工作状况低于预期相信他们自己也很难过feel sorry feel bad。

exceptional managerial respectful respectable in all contexts Treating employees respectfully is important in all contexts. elicit In conclusion, supervisors should avoid using verbal abuse and threats. These methods degrade subordinates, and they are unlikely to produce the best results in the long run.

51. “The presence of a competitor is always beneficial to a company. Competition forces a company to change itself in ways that improve its practices.”

We ordinarily think, as the speaker does here, that the presence of competition is always healthy for business because it sparks efficiency and innovation. While competition is generally good for business in these respects, the speaker here ignores the many problems that can accures from attempting to keep up with the competitor, and that may be decidedly detrimental to a business. 1市场分额是有限的，竞争对手的存在总会摊薄diminish一个公司的利润。为了把市场分额从竞争对手那里抢夺snatch回来，一个公司总要付出一定的代价的。而且如果竞争对手的实力十分强大，短时间无法赶超很可能会给公司带来致命的打击deathblow a deadly blow甚至倒闭close down 和破产。go bankrupt

2当竞争对手存在的时候一个公司常常要作出无谓的meaningless牺牲例如打价格战price war做很多广告等等。如果是垄断的行业这些都是不需要的。当然我并不是说垄断更好。但是作者在这里确实忽略了一些问题。

3诚然有竞争对手的存在会使得一个企业更有动力节约管理开支，提高产品质量加快技术进步。同时外部竞争还会使公司内部的人更为团结士气更高。External competition is known to inspire team spirit within an organization, thereby yielding greater productivity.但是上面的因素也是需要考虑的。

Competition for market share can spark invention and innovation in product design that lead to the cutting edge of technology. keep price competitive

In conclusion, competition frequently motivates changes that are beneficial in many ways. But competition is a double-edged sword that can also result in ....

52. “Successful individuals typically set their next goal somewhat—but not too much—above their last achievement. In this way, they steadily raise their level of aspiration.”

1对大多数人而言订立一个根据已有基础的不难实现的目标有助于最终实现计划走向成功。这也是符合心理学规律的

The virtues of setting goals in small, easily-attainable increments are undeniable. Overwhelming challenges are reduced to readily attainable tasks. A psychological boost is afforded by each intermediate success, helping to ensure that the achiever won't become discouraged and give up. Each step in this process can raise one's level of aspiration, and in manageable proportions that make success more likely. Moreover, this approach can be used by anyone---a sedentary office worker who decides to complete the New York Marathon; a paralegal who wishes to become a surgeon; or a small business owner who aspires to become CEO of a Fortune 500 Company.

2盲目地好高务远对一个人的成功是无益的。这样做的话人往往不知道具体的细节应该如何操作。而由于目标太大很难完成往往使人产生沮丧的情绪然后更难以完成由此陷入恶性循环。

3但是有些特殊的情况是需要有一些跳跃性的目标的。象是创造性的文艺创作等等。此外已经取得了巨大成功的人往往不会拘泥于小的目标而如果如此订立目标也会让他们有沮丧的感觉

I generally agree that setting goals in small increments above past accomplishments is a reliable path to achieveing those goals. Nevertheless, in some exceptional instances, a more dramatic \achieve a significant goal.

53. “The term ?user-friendly? is usually applied to the trouble-free way that computer software moves people from screen to screen, function to function. However, the term can also refer to a government office, a library, public transportation, or anything designed to provide information or services in an easy, friendly way. Just as all societies have many striking examples of user-friendly services, so do they abound in examples of user-unfriendly systems.” Identify a system or service that you have found to be either “user-friendly” or “user-unfriendly.”

“?用户友好?通常是指计算机软件让人们在窗口和窗口之间，功能和功能之间切换的一种无错方式。但是这个词也可以指政府办公室，图书馆，公共交通或其他任何以方便友好的方式提供信息和服务的食物。就像所有的社会都有生动的用户友好服务一样，他们也存在很多用户不友好的系统。”

给出一个系统或者服务你认为是用户友好的或者是用户不友好的。从使用者的角度讨论为什么这个系统是方便或者不方便的，并阐释这样一个系统带来的后果或成果。

1我们学校的食堂就十分不“人性化”，菜都没有贴出标价。服务质量比较差，设施不齐全等待时间特别长而且由于设计的问题经常有人加塞。

2究其根源主要是由于垄断经营没有竞争意识。于是才出现了上述的问题

3根据这种问题建议应该引入竞争机制让竞争促进食堂的进步提供“学生友好”的服务。

54. “Popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests. Superficiality, obscenity, and violence characterize films and television today because those qualities are commercially successful.”

1人们娱乐活动的目的是为了使自己疲劳的身体得到放松在精神方面得到享受。只有美好的道德的moral ethical健康的healthy东西才能帮助人们达到这个目标。所以我们看一下历年票房收入比较高的电影或者是最为流行的歌曲，它们都是在彰显人性中美好的fine一面而抨击fustigate坏evil的一面。即使是悲剧象是TITANIC里面也反映了人们对美好爱情幸福自由的追求。

2肤浅的色情的暴力的作品只能在短期给人们带来某种感官sense organ上的刺激excitement并不具备人们所追求的娱乐的实质substance。因此这类作品就是流行也不可能是大面积长时间的流行

3诚然有一些导演制片人为了票房收入不惜使用不健康不道德的画面作为其作品的卖点。但这毕竟还是少数现象而且也是被主流社会mainstream society所唾弃的be casted aside

sensational sensationalism top box-office hits with/without resort to

55. “Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do, and they will surprise you with their ingenuity.”

1告诉下属要作什么而不是怎么做可以使下属觉得自己得到了信任，这种信任会使他或她增强自信更好的完成工作。同时也会激发他们的创造力并且使得他们更勤奋地工作对工作得完成十分有益This phenomenon lends truth to the adage that people rise to the level of what others expect from them.

2告诉下属作什么而不是怎么做的同时也就把监督者的一部分工作分了出去，让监督管理者可以匀出时间去做管理方面的事情而不是具体的细节。毕竟每个人都有自己的专长speciality。在处理具体事情的事情的时候，往往是下属会比监督者做的更好。By allowing a subordinate to decide how best to attain an objective, a supervisor imparts a large share of responsibility for the project to the subordinate. This alleviates some of the burden from the supervisors, who may have more time for other tasks as a result. A bright competent subordinate is likely to resent being led by the hand like a child. the supervisor should assign tasks without directing each step.

3但是这一切好处和优点产生的前提prerequisite是监督管理者要知道应该告诉谁去做什么。否则就会产生十分糟糕的结果使得整个团队的效率都有所下降。所以作为一个优秀的监督者和管理人员就要具备知人善用的能力。know how to judge and use people

subordinate else knows.”

56. “The secret of business is to know something that nobody

1诚然知道一些竞争对手不知道的事情会在很大程度上帮助一个公司在竞争中取得胜利。例如说在新产品的研发之前知道消费者的喜好或者是预先知道政府的一些政策等等都会帮助公司节约成本扩大收益从而更轻松的取得胜利。 2但是一个公司的成功的秘密或者说是关键绝对不是知道一些别人不知道的事情这么简单。一个公司能否成功取决于它的员工和公司治理结构。这才是一个公司取得成功的核心。只有拥有好的员工才能有满足客户需求的好的产品和服务，从而为公司创造最大化的利润。

3即使没有知道别的竞争对手不知道的秘密一个公司仍然可以在公平竞争的情况下凭借自己的好的员工和高效率的管理在竞争中脱颖而出。而如果没有好的员工和公司治理结构，就算知道了很多别人不知道的秘密仍然于事无补。

57. “Everywhere, it seems, there are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more respectful of one another?s differences.” 我基本同意作者的观点

1一方面我们的立法越来越完善不断向着消除歧视和偏见的方向发展。这从强制的方面要求人们尊重和其他人的不同

2另一方面，随着技术的不断进步交流的不断深入人们对别的文化也有了更深的了解。而了解就会使得不同文化的人们提高对对方文化和行为的自发的非强制的尊重。

3诚然现在还有很多的种族的性别的等各个方面的歧视。但是我们很高兴地看到事情在向好的方面发展。

58. “What is the final objective of business? It is to make the obtaining of a living—the obtaining of food, clothing, shelter, and a minimum of luxuries—so mechanical and so little time-consuming that people shall have time for other things.” — A business leader, circa 1930

Explain what you think the quotation above means and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the view of business it expresses. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading. 作者认为工作的实质就是为了维持生计。而工作以外的其他事情才应该是我们所追求的才是生活的真谛