《英语教学法》名词解释

《英语教学法》名词解释

? Structural view (结构主义语言理论）

The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax).

? Functional view（功能主义语言理论）

The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but

also a means for doing things. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.

? Interactional view（交互语言理论）

The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.

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Behaviourist theory（行为主义理论）------Skinner

The key point of the theory of conditioning is that＂you can train an animal to do anything( with reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement＂.

? Cognitive theory（认知理论）

Chomsky thinks that language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.

? Constructivist theory (建构主义理论)-------John Dewey

The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.

? Socio-constructivist theory (社会建构主义理论)

Vygotsky emphasises

interaction and engagement with the target

language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding.

? Linguistic competence（语言能力）----Hedge

Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning.

? Pragmatic competence (语用能力) ----Hedge

Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.

? Discourse competence (话语能力/ 语篇能力) ----Canale and Swain

Discourse competence refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.

? Strategic competence (策略能力)

Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there

is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.

? Errors

An error has direct relation with the learners’ language

competence.Errors result from lack of knowledge in the target language.

? Mistakes

A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random

guess or a slip of tongue, and it is a failure performance to a known system.Mistakes result from carelessness and hesitation.

? Bottom-up model （自下而上的模式）

In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start

with sound and meaning recognitions. In other words, “we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning” .

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Top-down model （自上而下的模式）

In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are

emphasised. In other words, listening comprehension involves “ knowledge that a listener brings to a text, sometimes called “ inside the head” information, as opposed to the information that is available within the text itself” .