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第四讲 时态和语态
一般时 1. 一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。 由动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式(be动词的一般现在时用am/ is/ are)构成。
�瘙??嚔??My dream school starts at 8：30 a. m. and ends at 3：30 p. m. 我理想的学校上午8: 30上课， 下午3: 30放学。
(2)如果主句是一般将来时， 那么在由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句， if和unless引导的条件状语从句及让步状语从句中， 可用一般现在时代替一般将来时， 表示将来的动作或状态。
�瘙??嚔??The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。 2. 一般过去时
(1)常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态， 常与表示过去的时间状语连用； 也可表示过去习惯性的动作。 �瘙??嚔??(2015·湖南高考单项填空)I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I asked, “What do you wish me to do now？”
当我问“你现在想要我做什么？ ” 的时候， 我掩饰不住内心的渴望之情。
(2)有些句子， 虽然没有明确地表示过去的时间状语， 但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态， 也要用一般过去时。 常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。 �瘙??嚔??Edward, you play so well. But I didn’t know you played the piano. 爱德华， 你弹得真好。 但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。 3. 一般将来时
“shall/ will＋动词原形” 表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。 “will＋动词原形” 还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。 �瘙??嚔??(2015·北京高考单项填空)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. ——杰克逊博士现在不在办公室。 —All right. I will call him later. ——好的。 我稍后给他打电话。
�瘙??嚔??I hope you will behave yourself at the dinner party. 我希望你在晚宴上表现得大方得体。
进行时 1. 现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作， 也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行着的动作或存在的状态。
�瘙??嚔??—I hear you are working in a pub. What’s it like? ——我听说你在酒吧工作。 感觉怎么样？
—Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind. ——哦， 工作很辛苦， 我总是感到很累， 不过我不介意。
(2)某些表示位置移动的动词， 如come, go, leave, arrive, start, move等词， 可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。
�瘙??嚔??The ship is leaving for New York soon. 这条船很快就要开往纽约。 2. 过去进行时
(1)表示过去某时正在发生的动作， 或与过去发生的某事同时发生的动作； 也可表示过去
某个时间段内一直在进行的动作。
�瘙??嚔??I walked slowly through the market, where people were selling all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. 我慢慢地走过一个市场， 人们在那里销售各种各样的水果与蔬菜。 我认真地研究了它们的价格之后， 买了些我所需要的。
(2)短暂性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划、 安排要做的事。
�瘙??嚔??I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel. 我本打算那天晚些时候去看你， 但是我不得不打电话取消了。 3. 将来进行时
表示将来某时或某一时段正在进行的动作， 常表示事情的正常发展。 �瘙??嚔??—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon? ——今天下午两点我给你回电话可以吗？
—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five? ——对不起， 那时我正飞往北京， 五点钟怎么样？
完成时 1. 现在完成时
(1)表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成了影响或结果， 常与lately, recently, so far, by now, up to/ till now, in the last/ past few days/ years等时间状语连用。
�瘙??嚔??Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
到目前为止， 工作进展得很顺利， 我们确信一定会按时完工。
(2)表示过去已经开始， 一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态， 常与“since＋时间点” 或“for＋时间段” 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
�瘙??嚔??—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me? ——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。 你能为我弹钢琴吗？ —Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years. ——抱歉， 我好多年没有弹钢琴了。 2．过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间之前动作已经完成， 即“过去的过去” 。 或表示从过去某一时间开始， 延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态， 这一动作或状态可能一直持续到过去这一时刻， 也可能将继续下去。
�瘙??嚔??By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college. 杰克从英国回到家时， 他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)有时可表示一种未实现的愿望或想法， 常用于该用法的动词有intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等。
�瘙??嚔??He had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 他本想发言， 可是时间不允许。 3．完成进行时
完成进行时表示从过去某一时刻开始， 一直持续到现在的动作。 这一动作可能刚完成， 也可能仍在进行， 具有持续性和未完成性。 该时态多用于延续性动词。
�瘙??嚔??The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a. m．从上午9点开始， 经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。
�瘙??嚔??In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing all they can over the past five hours.
为了找到那个失踪的孩子， 过去的五小时里， 村民们做了他们所能做的一切。 4．将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来的某一时间之前将会完成的动作， 并往往对将来的某一时间产生影响。 由“shall/ will＋have＋过去分词” 构成。
�瘙??嚔??By the time Mr. Smith arrives at the supermarket, we will have stayed there for one hour.
等史密斯先生到达超市时， 我们将已经在那里待了一个小时了。
常用完成时的句型 句 型 例 句 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句. (since从It was three years since we had been there. 句用一般过去时) 我们在那儿已待了三年。 It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句. (since从句用过去完成时) It/This is the first/second/...time＋that This is the first time we have seen a film in the sb.have/has done...； cinema as a family. It/This was the first/second/...time＋that sb.had 这是我们全家人第一次到电影院看电影。 done... 续 表 句 型 例 句 In his view，too，that was the best poem that he That/This/It is/was＋最高级＋名词＋定语从had ever written. 句．(从句常用完成时) 他也认为，那是他写过的最好的诗。 Hardly had the game begun when it started Hardly/Scarcely...when...；No sooner...than...(主raining. 句常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时) 比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
Ⅰ 单句语法填空 1. (2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)This cycle____________(go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures. 答案：goes
2．The boy____________(open)his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain, and then died. 答案：opened 3．(2016·河南高考适应性模拟)If I hold it for a minute, that’s not a problem. If I hold it for an hour, I____________(have) an ache in my right arm. If I hold it for a day, you’ll have to call an ambulance.
答案：will have 4. (2015·陕西高考语法和词汇知识)Marty ____________(work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday. 答案：has been working 5. (2016·龙口模拟)McDonald’s ____________(work) hard to get its customers back now. In January, the company ran an advertisement during the Super Bowl. 答案：is working 6. (2016·潍坊高考模拟) At last firefighters have put out a big forest fire in California. Since then, they__________(set) about finding out how the fire began. 答案：have set 7. (2016·滕州5月模拟)One Friday afternoon, after she had finished shopping and had taken all the things to her car, she found that she____________(forget) to buy some sugar. 答案：had forgotten 8. (2016·河南顶级名校5月模拟)“I____________(eat) with my wife and children, ” he said, “when we heard a loud noise. A few minutes later our house fell down on top of us. ” 答案：was eating
9．For years the government of that country ____________(ignore)their responsibility when it comes to the mental ill. 答案：has ignored
10．—John, why are you so upset?
—I ____________(look) for my keys all morning but they are nowhere to be found. 答案：have been looking Ⅱ 单句改错 1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there.think→thought 2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found that his parents were missing.Tony was scared and begun to cry.begun→began 3．(2015·四川高考短文改错)As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here.tell→told 4．In order to pay off his debts, Mike had to sell his car. After all, he had it for five years.在it前加_had 5．Listen, someone steps closer to our room. If it’s the boss, that will be rather bad so let’s get down to our work right now！steps→is_stepping
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词” 构成， be动词有人称、 数和时态的变化。 被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下： 形态 一 般 进 行 完 成 时间 am/is/are being＋过去have/has been＋过去分现在 am/is/are＋过去分词 分词 词 was/were was/were 过去 had been＋过去分词 ＋过去分词 being＋过去分词 shall/ will shall/ will have been＋ 将来 be＋过去分词 过去分词 过去 should/would be＋过去 将来 分词 �瘙??嚔??In the spoken English of some areas in the U. S. , the“r” sounds at the end of the words are dropped.
在美国一些地方的口语中， 单词结尾的“r” 的发音通常被省略掉了。 主动形式表示被动意义 以下形式常用主动形式表示被动意义： 分类 例 词 连系动词 smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove, turn等后接形容词作表语时
例 句 Your suggestion proved quite effective. 你的建议已被证明是很有效的。 表示主语的属性、 特征或功能的词，This pen writes smo-othly. 如read, write, sell, wash等， 常与well, 这支笔写起来很流畅。 badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用时 实义动词 The party finished with a song. 表示“开始” “结束” 的词， 如聚会以一首歌曲结束。 begin, start, finish, end等 The clock needs winding once a week. need, want, require(需要), deserve(值这只钟表需要每周上一次发条。 得)等后接doing时 非谓语动在be＋adj. (difficult, hard, heavy, It’s difficult to see how more savings can 词 be made. dangerous, pleasant, comfortable等)＋to 看到如何进一步节约是很难的。 do结构中
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