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After the war, as post-war companies and the products they produced grew in size, scope, and complexity, many of the systems analysts found opportunities in the commercial sector. While this post-war focus gave rise to the formation of HFES in 1957, the early origins of human factors can be traced back to the development of mass production and the need to improve efficiency in production. As the nature of work shifted away from craft production and agrarian labor, new concepts for working in factories evolved. The Ford assembly 1ine and Taylor?s theories of efficiency started to have an effect on the planning of the nature of work and education, and even in home economics, where women were instructed to organize and plan their homes around modem principles of domestic management. At the end of the 20th century, there is a much broader concept of human factors emerging．This new version is in response to the recognized need for a deeper insight into customers? patterns of behavior. It is starting to involve qualitative research methods and to explore emotional as well as cognitive issues in human factors. The HFES has a variety of technical groups, including aging cognitive engineering and decision making, environmental design, individual differences, industrial ergonomics, medical systems and rehab, macroeconomics, safety, and visual performance. Currently, however, most research in the discipline of human factors focuses on usability, not on desire.
There are a number of new trends that are beginning to change the way companies attempt to know their customers and their needs, wants, and desires. Many companies are using ethnography as a research tool in early stages of product development. Ethnographic techniques are qualitative processes that take methods from cultural anthropology and apply them to the field of product research. These techniques are proving to be valuable in early phases of marketing and in helping product teams develop the actionable insights they need to translate into the style and features that people are looking for. A second reason this is changing is the result of the new locus on brand management. Many companies realize that giving a product a strong brand identity is a clear competitive advantage. The book Marketing Aesthetics by Schmitt and Simonson describes the value of a visual identity system and how all aspects of a product must communicate clearly and consistently with customers. A successful brand creates a Gestalt image in the market formed from a variety of factors, which include the look and features of the product, the name, the advertising, the price, and the perceived value to the customer, By taking a broader view of what it means to
factor the characterization of humans, this new category of human factors explores how a company?s core values call connect with the lifestyle goals of its customers. Harley Davidson has created one of the most powerful brand identifies in the world, which merges the logo, core product (motorcycle), and complementary lifestyle products (clothing and gear) with the way their customers want to live their lives. Even the noise a Harley makes is part of the brand. Another reason the study of human factors is changing is as a result of the emergence of interaction design. Interaction design is a new area in human factors research and is based on human-computer interaction (HCI). This group recognizes that there is a need to create more humane interactive products that cross hardware and software boundaries. It is also clear that quantitative research is not enough to solve these problems alone. Ethnographic research has become a part of HCI research so that researchers can better understand how people use and need computing in work and play (and how computers are integrating work and play).
While the human factors discipline is comprised primarily of professionals and faculty from the fields of systems engineering，physiology，and cognitive psychology, both the origins and current manifestations of the field are far broader. For nearly a century advertising, marketing, industrial design, communication design, architecture, and the entertainment industry have all used a variation of human factors to help to define the parameters and evaluate the success of their products. Although these other fields may have lacked the formal research and forum for dissemination of their methods through academic journals，recently their methods for abstracting behavioral models and likes and dislikes of their customers have found important relevance in industry and research. The newer view of human factors by those in the field reaches out to this view of what it means to characterize and interface with the human. A human factors/ergonomics conference held in Singapore in the Summer of 2001 used the term “Affective Human Factors” as the theme. The conference was endorsed by the International Ergonomics Society and was an attempt to bridge the two schools of thought about usability and desirability.
外文文献翻译译稿２
设计困难与乐趣
来自Pierre-Henridejean
简介
人们普遍的倾向认为，困难有碍于乐趣。所有工作需要进行了可用性分析，市场运作的也验证这个理论。在本文中，我们讨论的一些情况下设计的易用性和使用乐趣。目的是要表明的其重要性，以使用乐趣作为出发点，而不是仅仅为了使用，同时最大限度地提高产品的可用性。
基于一些实际的例子，分析问题之间的联系，探究可用性和使用乐趣。事实上，这种现象存在一定的矛盾，其中一个明确的关系是可用性和使用的困难。
困难和乐趣的关系
朴素和简单的快乐
我们一些通过法国工业部进行了的试验研究表明，经验往往是在一定程度上困扰的整个概念的发展。事实上，这误导甚至包括最人们日常让简单法语。方便舒适的和随和的概念相互关联，并表达“简单德精神”（简单的想法）和“快乐简单”（简单的快乐）并不是非常讨人喜欢的。最后，聪明的人们找到简单的解决办法，但条件是他们要客服困难或复杂的问题。这同样是非常宝贵的，一个人能够选择最有效的产品或最简单而有效的方法。另一方面是质量，谁会在选择产品的时候忽略这些呢。所有的是从设计出发，而不是用户：这点就忽视可用性。
困难和快乐
比赛往往根据其激烈程度决定其而受到欢迎。你甚至可以谈论兴奋度来衡量话题的难度。但是，也有一些细微的差别加以考虑。在电子游戏举例来说，如果的困难是寻求在游戏本身所提供的服务项目，以某种方式，简化和设施的赞赏中获得的服务;这就是说，设立游戏在指示开始了游戏技术方面的运作，正在尽可能容易寻求后，才达到实现这一目的而获得一种快感。以同样的方式，在许多活动中，增加知识，技能或灵巧是首选的其难度。据分析有两种快乐：学习，只有结果和在过程中，但更重要的是结果。对于业余厨师，获取诀窍可能是首选的结果。研究人员的难题，寻找适用的办法是，或所需的设备建立自己的实验，同样如果不是更多的乐趣，获得的结果，他已经或多或少的预期。
力量和优越性
在接受困难的情况下，努力提供自己或他人一个优势相比。举例来说，如果它是困难的，了解如何处理一个古老的乐器如六分仪、小提琴，一旦得知这是一个非常高兴的做法。这个想法的利益所作的努力，感情的定性鉴别，必须结合这一事实。这种现象已经是不可能观察游戏或活动的业余爱好者，但需要在一个非常不同的层面在职业生活。垄断诀窍或能力构成了权力，造成困难的许多人。在另一个层面，但同样，丰富的文化经验可以作为一个乐趣。感情的能力是多方面的。在可用性研究我们注意到两个态度这一事实。拒绝或不信任有关系的，过于简单或过于自动，导致人们害怕失去他们的能力。其直接后果是在一个国家非常简化的工作任何人可以做的。事实上，这并非是一个泰勒的基本思路。
压缩困难
在某些情况下，简单可以创建恐惧。这种情况时，例如行动涉及高风险，也没有时间限制。信息安全，例如适用于这种态度。在这里阐述的一个程序是首选的方法过于简单。不可理解的诊断，而是一个长期的基础上的解释，成为放心就麻烦担心。对于一些人是医学太愉快会导致怀疑上升到其效率。认真和严谨方面成为一个因素的信誉，因此非常高兴。在布局招待会银行的代理人是非常敏感的话题，将给予客户一个严重的印象，它甚至可能会走得那样远，造成的印象是紧缩。有了这样的装饰，银行家将与更多的快乐感觉更可信的有关他的客户更加放心，从而使他工作更容易。
我们注意认识到可用性的重要性，如果造成社会问题，如失业率增加目前的生态问题表现出的倾向这个方向，甚至可能导致积极的，图清洗和打捞废品本身并不愉快的活动，即使感觉有尊重自然和生态方面的问题，既是一个基本的趋势和解决一个的方案，赚钱对股市可能会阻碍他的不道德方面的资金使用情况，从而获得这种思维方式，在美国建立道德基金使投资者放心，他的储蓄不放置在支持的项目，他认为是Ｃ.While非法获得资本，他将感到很高兴在促进股市，支持可持续发展的不同宗教法令规定，禁止某些乐趣一样贪婪和欲望，而技术进步摧毁一些灾难性的后果，很高兴这些，低热量的健康食品有助于赞赏良好的食物，同时又不造成的健康问题。
有些人觉得一定有一定困难的乐趣，比通过惩罚的手段更普遍。相当奠定意义的药物导致高兴而可能被认为是效率低下。
处理乐趣和产品设计的困难
我们已经看到，乐趣在使用并不总是与可用性联系在一起.那是在困难的情况下使用可提高趣味性的互动，例如通过提高用户的自尊，显然，文化层面应该在这里表达的，以及在其他部分产品（ Dejean德索萨和1999年）文化方面遇到困难和乐趣不同的探索应该是取得了文化价值的一定的困难;文化态度与困难
应加以探讨。一种可能的困境设计者是多少产品的运作模式应显示给用户。与“黑匣子”的产品可能是非常简单的，因为用户并不需要弄懂如何在实际工作，怎样解决产品出现问题，那么用户可能根本不知道如何正确的，这是他或她将不会了解这一过程背后的方式，该产品适用于其他手握玻璃瓶装产品。凡用户更多地参与这一进程可能需要更多的努力去学习。一旦解决了这些用户将能够理解运作的产品和可以拿出一些创新性的解决办法应该发生的问题，他们从某种意义上说，已授权通过后作出的额外努力学习如何使用产品放在首位。
最后，引入乐趣的可用性是至关重要的。这是一个因素，延长了纪律这是一个长期而痛苦和面向有益返回产品人体工程学设计的人体工程学的工作条件建立一个参考乐趣，因此更有必要模型和参数可能会允许我们来处理这一概念在科学的方法，从而在非常接近的问题，其复杂性增加了其学习的乐趣！
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