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大学英语四级考试系列讲座
从
句
中国地质大学(武汉)外语学院 许峰
第一节 名词性从句
名词性从句是在一个句子中起名词作用的主谓结构,它可以在主从复合句中作主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)、表语和同位语。名词性从句不管在句中起什么作用,都要使用陈述语序。
一、主语从句
用作主语的从句叫做主语从句(Subject Clause)。主语从句可由that,what,whatever,which,whichever,who,whoever,whom等连接代词和how,when,where,why等连接副词来引导。
例1:What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
例2:How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事是怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。
经典考点1:In some countries, is called“equality”does not really mean equal rights for all people.(CET-4,1995年6月)
A)which B)one C)that D)what
巧解本题应选D。该句中what为关系代词,这里代表“所被称之为平等的东西”,相当于the thing that。全句意思是:所谓的“平等”,在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都有平等的权利。
经典考点2: is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.(CET-6,1993年6月)
A)It is the sun and not the earth B)Being the sun and not the earth
C)The sun and not the earth D)That the sun and not the earth
巧解本题应选D。该句中的连词that引导主语从句,它只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分,本身无词义。全句意思是:在中世纪,人们很难接受我们行星体系的中心是太阳而不是地球这一观点。
注:that引导主 语从句时不能省略,并且为了保持句子的平衡常常后置,而由it作形式主语。
例1:It doesn't seem likely that she will be here.她来这里似乎是不太可能的。 例2:It happened that I knew his telephone number.碰巧我知道他的电话号码。
经典考点1:It is reported that adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.(CET-4,1997年1月)
A)the most B)most of C)most D)the most of
巧解本题应选C。该句中的that引导的主语从句用形式主语it置于句首。类似的句型有It is recorded that?,It is said that?,It should be noted that?,It is suggested that?,It has been found that?等等。全句意思是:据报道,大多数被收养的孩子都想知道他们的生身父母是谁。
二、表语从句
用作表语的从句叫做表语从句(Predictive Clause)。表语从句通常由that和what引导,
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但有时也可由how,what,when,where,why等来引导。
例1:The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 例2:The question is how he did it. 问题在于他是如何做此事的。
经典考点1:Output is now six times it was before 1990.(CET-6,1995年1月)
A)that B)what C)that which D)of that
巧解本题应选B。该句中的what作关系代词,指“所?东西”。在此句中what代指1990年前的产量,同时它引导的是一个表语从句。全句意思是:现在的产量是1990年以前的6倍。
经典考点2:Water will continue to be it is today—next in importance to oxygen.(考研,1992年)
A)how B)which C)as D)what
巧解本题应选D。该句中what为关系代词,引导表语从句,并在从句中作表语。全句意思是:水的重要性将与其现在一样,仅次于氧气。
三、同位语从句
用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。同位语从句起着对先行词进一步解释说明的作用,通常由that引导,同位语的先行词通常为:appeal,belief,doubt,evidence,fact,hope,idea,likelihood,message,news,order,plan,possibility,promise,reply,proof,proposal,rumor,suggestion,theory,truth等。 例1:There is a real danger that Oxford will not retain its world position. 现在牛津大学有保不住它的世界地位的实际危险。
例2:They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对于你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
经典考点1:The mere fact most people believe nuclear wars would be madness doesn't mean that it will not occur.(CET-4,1997年6月)
A)what B)which C)that D)why
巧解本题应选C。本题是一主从复合句。主句部分是The mere fact?doesn't mean that it will not occur,从句部分是most people believe nuclear wars would be madness,这一从句揭示了fact的内容,两者是一种同位关系。因此从全句结构和意思看,空缺处应填一个连接词,构成名词fact的同位语从句。所以C项that是正确答案。全句意思是:大多数人认为挑起核大战是一种疯狂的行为,仅这一事实并不意味着核大战不可能发生。 经典考点2: evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.(CET-4,1999年6月)
A)It being B)It is C)There is D)There being
巧解本题应选C。分析该题题干可知,句子缺少谓语部分,首先排除A、D两选项。在that引导的从句中,that不做任何成分,只起连接作用,因此是evidence的同位语从句,对evidence作进一步解释说明。根据全句的含义,C答案最恰当。全句意思是:有证据表明,学习语言的能力必须激发。
注:同位语从句可用于下列结构中:
on condition that? the supposition that? with the exception that? in spite the fact that? with the probabilities that?等等。
例1:He was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near other boys. 他被允许
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去游泳,条件是要一直与别的男孩在一起。
例2:He went to the party in spite of the fact that he was not welcome. 尽管不受欢迎,他还是去参加了那个聚会。
四、宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句(Object Clause)。 1.宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句一般用that和what来引导。此时,that只起连接作用,不作句子成分;what既起连接作用,也在从句中作句子成分。另外,how,when,where,which,who,why,whether等也可引导宾语从句。
例1:He told us that he felt ill.他告诉我们他感到不舒服。 例2:I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否能成功。
经典考点1:Although Anna is happy with her success, she wonders will happen to her private life.(CET-4,2000年1月)
A)that B)what C)it D)this
巧解本题应选B。该句含有一个让步状语从句,主句中又含有宾语从句,wonder后面常接由疑问词what,how,where等引导的宾语从句。根据题意,B为正确答案。全句意思为:虽然安娜对自己的成功感到很高兴,但她想知道她的私人生活将会发生什么。
经典考点2:By success I don't mean usually thought of when that word is used.(CET-4,1996年6月)
A)what is B)that we C)as you D)all is
巧解本题应选A。该句中的宾语从句缺少一个主语,主句动词mean缺少一个宾语。A选项中的what作连接代词,意为“所?的东西”,并且is与thought of一起构成从句的谓语,表示被动含义。全句意思为:我说的成功不是使用这个词时通常所想到的涵义。
经典考点3:This book will show the readers can be used in other contexts.(CET-6,1996年1月)
A)how that they have observed B)that how they have observed C)how what they have observed D)that they have observed
巧解本题应选C。该句中how与后面的整个句子一起作为show的间接宾语。what they have observed作为how引导的宾语从句的主语。全句意思是:这本书将要告诉读者怎样把观察到的东西用于其他情境。
2.介词后的宾语从句
宾语从句亦可用作介词的宾语。
例1:He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事情感到极为不快。
例2:I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
经典考点1:As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think .(CET-4,1997年6月)
A)ought to be said B)must say C)have to be said D)need to say
巧解本题应选A。该句中what we think和what is said一样,都是在介词with后面由what引导的宾语从句。在 前一从句中,what是主语,is said是动词的被动语态作谓语;在后一从句中what也是主语,谓语也应用被动语态。也可将后一从句中的we think理解成插
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入语成分,去掉它,句子同样正确。全句意思是:作为老师,我们关心的应该是学生说了什么,而不是我们自认为的学生应当说些什么。
经典考点2:Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy from which most of the present-day sciences arose.(CET-6,1993年6月)
A)that B)all C)which D)what
巧解本题应选D。在该句中,what used to be called natural philosophy作介词of的宾语从句,what作从句的主语。全句意思是:如今的物理相当于过去人们所称的自然哲学,后者是当今大多数科学学科的基础。
注:以that引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾语,只有在except, in, but, besides, save等介词后才可使用。
例1:Your thesis is quite all right except that the organization is a bit too loose.你的论文挺不错的,只是结构上有些松散。
例2:I like the city, but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.我喜欢城市,但更喜欢乡下,因为我在乡下有更多的朋友。
经典考点3:Liquids are like solids they have a definite volume.(CET-4,1995年6月)
A)with that B)for that C)in that D)at that
巧解本题应选C。该句中in that可以看成是连词引出一个原因,意为“因为,由于”。此外,that还可和其他介词构成搭配,如except that(要不是,但是),but that(而不是)等等。全句意思是:液体之所以像固体一样是因为液体有一定的体积。
五、强调句型结构中的从句
that或who用在强调句型It is?that或It is?who中可以对句子的主语、宾语、状语进行强调。
例1:It was not until the accident happened that I became aware of my own foolishness. 直到
事发生了我才意识到了我的愚蠢。 例2:It is its structure that gives leather its permeability to air and water vapor. 正是皮革的结构才使得皮革对空气和水蒸汽具有渗透性。
经典考点1:When I try to understand that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.(CET-6,1998年1月)
A)why it does B)what it does C)what it is D)why it is 巧解本题应选C。本题属于It is?that的强调结构,强调了prevents的主语部分,由what代替。全句意思是:当我试图搞清是什么使得美国人不像人们想象的那样幸福时,我觉得似乎有两个原因。
经典考点2: she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.(CET-4,1990年1月)
A)That was from Stephen B)It was Stephen whom C)It was from Stephen that D)It was Stephen that
巧解本题应选C。本句是用It was?that?这种强调句型强调句中作状语的短语 from Stephen。全句意思是:她是从斯蒂芬那儿第一次听说被称为专家的那个人。
第二节 定语从句
用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(Attributive Clause)。定语从句是一个主谓结构,起形容词作用,在主句中修饰或限定前面的先行词(通常是名词或代词,有时也可以是整个主句)。
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