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Come/go to ------ be at /in leave ----be away from buy ----have borrow /lend -----keep open ---be open close---be closed die---be dead start/begin ----be on join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier become –be make friend ---be friend get up ---be up
fall asleep ---be asleep catch a cold – have a cold reach/get/arrive---stay/be 3).现在完成时的四种句型:
A).主语+短暂性动词的过去式+ 时间+ago
B).主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词+for…./since …. ago . C).It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式
D).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 His grandfather died two years ago .
His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____.
Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 4).现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与现在有关的时态,他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时侧重于表示过去的动作与现在无关,若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时,只能用一般现在时。 Has he returned the library book ? Yes, he has.
When ____ he _____(return) it ?He ____ (return)it yesterday afternoon . 六、过去完成时: 1.概念:
以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即―过去的过去‖。 2.时间状语:
1).before+过去时间,by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month…) 2).by the time +从句(一般过去时),主句(过去完成时)
3).用于由when ,after , before 引导的时间状语从句中,前后两动作都发生在过去。 过去完成时+when/before +一般过去时 一般过去时+after +过去完成时 4).用于宾语从句中。 3.基本结构: had + done. 4.否定形式: had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句: 把had放于句首。 七、一般将来时: 1.概念:
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语:
tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ) ,soon, in+一段时间, by…,the day after tomorrow, this evening ,tonight 3.基本结构:
1).am/is/are/going to + do; 2).will/shall + do.
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3).用现在进行时表示将来,动词come, go ,start,leave ,fly,move ,begin ,get ….
4).当主句为一般将来时,由if ,as soon as ,until, when ,before, after, unless 引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 4.否定形式:
①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句:
①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。 八、过去将来时: 1.概念:
立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语:
the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…), by then , 3.基本结构:
①was/were/going to + do; ②would/should + do. 4.否定形式:
①was/were/not + going to + do; ②would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句:
①was或were放于句首; ②would/should 提到句首。
中考考点九:被动语态
一.被动语态的时态: 1.一般现在时的被动语态: am /is/ are +动词的过去分词 2.一般过去时的被动语态: was /were +动词的过去分词 3.一般将来时的被动语态: will be +动词的过去分词 4.现在进行时的被动语态:
am /is /are +being +动词的过去分词 5.现在完成时的被动语态:
have /has +been +动词的过去分词 6.情态动词的被动语态:
情态动词 + be +动词的过去分词 二.主动语态变被动语态的变法:
口诀:宾变主,主变宾,谓变be done ,时不变,数格必须随被变。 注:1.主动、被动的时态要一致。
2.主动、被动的句式要一致。
3.变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。 三.特殊情况的被动语态:
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1.带双宾语的被动语态:
动词+ sb(间宾) +sth(直宾)
口诀:如遇双宾语,一般变间宾,若把直宾变,to /for 间宾连。 1).give/pass /show 与介词to 搭配。
give sb sth —— sb +be given sth 或 sth +be given +to sb . 2).buy/make/cook 与介词for 搭配。
buy sb sth —— sb +be bought + sth 或 sth +be bought +for sb He gave me a book
I ______ ______ a book by him. A book ____ ____ _____ me by him . My mother made me a cake .
I ____ _____ a cake by my mother A cake ____ ____ ____ me by my mother .
2.带省to 的不定式作宾补的被动语态:动词+ sb + do sth .
口诀:感使动词真叫怪,to来to去记心怀,主动语态to离去,被动语态to回来。 动词:make / let /have /see /hear /feel /watch make sb do sth ----sb + be +made +to do sth The boss made the workers work all day
The workers ____ ____ ____ work all day by the boss.
3.在see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型中变被动语态时,doing 不变。 I heard Tom singing just now
Tom _____ _____ _____ by me just now .
4.以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 We should take care of the old .
The old should ______ _____ _____ _____ . 四.注意事项:
1.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态: last ,have ,own …..belong to ,suit…fine , 2.不及物动词是没有被动语态:
happen ,take place ,appear , hold (容纳) 3.系动词是没有被动语态:
Look, feel ,sound ,smell ,taste …. The dish tastes good .
4.有些词组没有被动语态:
sell well , write well ,ride well ,drive well This kind of skirt sells well.
5.need表示需要时,后面常接doing 形式表示被动意义,相当于to be done . All the computers need repairing .=
All the computers need _____ _____ _____ .
6.在too…to…及enough to …结构中有时表示被动意义。 The problem is too difficult to solve.
中考考点十:情态动词
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一.情态动词的用法 1. can 用法
1)表示能力,与be able to同义,但can只用于现在时和过去时,be able to可用于各种时态。 Two eyes can see more than one.
注:Can you … ? Yes, I can / No,I can’t. 2).表示允许、请求
用could比can 语气更加委婉客气,常用于could I /you …..?句型中,若表示同意时,用can回答而不用could .
Could I borrow the book ? No, you can’t .
3)。表示推测 ―可能‖常用于否定句或疑问句中。(can’t表示一定不是) It can’t be true . Can it be true ? 2. may 用法
1)表允许,请求= can
表示许可或征求对方的许可,常于第一人称连用。 注:May I ….? Yes ,you may No, you can’t / mustn’t .
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly. 2)表推测,可能、也许。常用于肯定句中。 Maybe he knows the news .= He _____ _____ the news. 3. must
1)表示义务。意为―必须‖(主观意志)。 We must do everything step by step.
注:Must I ….? Yes, you must / No,you needn’t(don’t have to ). --Must we hand in our exercise—books now? --No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 2)mustn’t 表禁止、不允许。 You mustn’t talk to her like that.
3)表示揣测。意为―想必、准是、一定‖等,只用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中must改为can . He must be ill. He looks so pale.
She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 注:must表推测时,其反义疑问句与must后面的动词一致。 There must be something wrong ,____ ____? 4.need的用法
need既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要否定句或疑问句中。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。
1).用作情态动词,用于否定句和疑问句中。 a).Need I ….? Yes , you must / No, you needn’t . Need we finish the work today ?Yes you __? A.need B.can C. may D.must
b).need + do sth . 变否定句:needn’t do sth 变疑问句:Need sb do sth ? 2).用作实义动词
a).need + to do sth . We need _______(buy) some school things .
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