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communism capitalism feudalism feminism enthusiasm nationalism fascism /m/音偶尔也与前面相邻的摩擦音/?e/构成音节,如:rhythm,读作/e?m/
舌侧音/l/常和前面的爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/和摩擦音/f,v,s,z/一起构成音节,有一定的响亮度: /-p?/ /-b?/ /-t? / /-d? / /-k? / /-g? / /-f? / /-v? / /-s? / /-z? /
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英语单词按照音节划分为单音节词、双音节词和多音节词。单音节词有一个音节,读时元音比辅音长而响亮,如:cat map day week;双音节词有两个音节,有的双音节词两个音节都重读,称为even stress,如:?un?known ?mis?print ?eigh?teen;有的只有一个音节重读,称为stressed syllable,另一个音节轻读,称为unstressed syllable,如:?mother ?father ?lady a?go be?gin to?day; 多音节词有三个或三个以上的音节,有的多音节词只有一个重读音节,如:?excellent ?reasonable mag?nificent ?interesting ?telegraph;有的有两个重读音节,分为主重音(Primary stress)和次重音(Secondary stress),如:?revo?lution ?qualifi?cation e?xami?ation。
第二节 重音(Stress)
重音包括单词重音(word stress)和句子重音(sentence stress)。 一、单词重音(word stress)
重音对于英语单词的正确发音十分重要,重音错了有时会引起误解,甚至闹出笑话。如,在餐馆里,如果把Here is the ?menu(菜单) 读成Here is the ma?nure(粪便),其窘迫场面可想而知。有时同一个单词,重音不同,意义会完全不同,如:?content(内容) con?tent(满意的)?invalid(病弱者)in?valid(无效的)。
英语单词重音很不规则,但有少数情况仍有规则可循:
1.双音节词,作为名词,重音通常在第一个音节,作为动词或形容词,重音通常在第二个音节,如:
?insult in?sult ? record re?cord ?increase in?crease ?import im?port
?object ob?ject ?contrast con?trast ?desert de?sert ?protest pro?test ?produce
pro?duce ?perfect per?fect ?conduct con?duct ?content con?tent ?invalid in?valid
2.复合名词的重音一般在第一个音节,:如:?blackboard ?handbag ?bookstore classroom ?darkroom ?greenhouse ?shortcoming; 复合动词的重音一般在第二个音节,如:mal?treat ill-?treat shor?change
3. 有些复合词有双重音,如:?second-?hand ?kind?hearted ?arm?chair afternoon
?four-?footed ?four?teen ?un?known 少数复合词重音在第二个音节,如:what?ever who?ever your?self through?out 注意:
1. 区分由形容词加名词构成的复合名词的读法和形容词修饰名词的读法:
a ?darkroom/ a ?dark ?room; a ?greenhuse/ a ?green ?house; a ?blackboard/ a ?black ?board
2. 有时受节奏的影响,有双重音的双音节词的重音会发生变化。当双音节词紧跟在另一个
重读音节后面时,双音节词的第一个重音丧失,不再重读;当双音节词后面紧接另一个重读音节时,双音节词的第二个重音丧失,不再重读:
?after?noon ?this after?noon an ?afternoon ?lesson ?four?teen ?He is four?teen ?fourteen ?years of ?age ?Bei?jing We ?live in Bei?jing. ?Beijing ?opera ? ins?ide ?come ins?ide an ?inside ?seat ?un?known ?quite un?known an ?unknown f?act ?second-h?and ?all second-?hand ?secondhand ?books
3. 有时为了意义对比,词的重音会发生变化,常见于加前缀的形容词:
dis?honst ?honest and ?dishonest; in?accurate ?accurate and ?
inaccurate;
im?perfect ?perfect and ?imperfect; un?happy ?happy and ?unhappy
二、句子重音(sentence stress)
一)一般规则(General Rules)
一般来说,实词,即实义词(Notional Words))重读,包括名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、指示代词、数词、疑问词、感叹词;虚词,即结构词(Structural Words))或功能词(Function Words)不重读,包括冠词、人称代词、反身代词、相互代词、介词、连词、助动词、情态动词等。
1 ?Two ?newly -?married ?couples ?walked ?quietly along the ?river.
2. He ?spoke into the ?telephone, ?wrote down a ?name and ?hung up the ?receiver.
二)特殊情形(Special Cases)
1.实义词在句中或小段落中第二次出现,不再重读。
1)She ?passed the ?door of a ?large ?shop. ?Suddenly, she ?decided to ?enter that door. 2) ?Is it a ?new t?own? No, it’s an ?old town. 3) ?No ?news is ?good news.
2. so一般情况下需重读,但当用于表示前文的整个陈述时,不重读。 1) It’s ?so ?cold to?day.
2) ?Is he ?coming? I ?don’t ?think so.
1. Such, that kind of , that sort of作为强调代词或短语,一般情况下需重读,但当用于指前
面已经提到的形容词时,不重读。 1) He’s ?such an ?awful ?man.
2) I can?not ?make ?friends with ?that ?kind of ?person.
3) It was a ?difficult ?task. We ?learn a ?lot from such ?tasks. Yes, we should ?highly
?value that kind of ?task.
4) What a ?dilicious apple. I ?like such ?apples.
2. 当名词person,fellow,thing, matter, affair, business, place指刚刚提到的人或物时,不重读。
这些词通常紧跟在一个重读的性质形容词后面。
1) He is the ?finest person I ?know.
2) Do you know John? He is a ?charming fellow. 3) ?Envy is a ?terrible thing.
4) It’s an ?important matter for you to ?do. 5) ?Taiwan ?problem is ?China’s ?internal affair. 6) ?That’s a ?terrible business. 7) ?Dalian is a de?lightful place.
3. 当短语a sort of, a kind of用于表示不确定的意义时,不重读,类似于不定代词some
1) There was a sort of curi?osity. 2) They ?came to a kind of a?greement.
4. 副词again当表示“第二次”或“再一次”时,需重读;但当用作加强语气的词,强调
对比时,不重读。 1) ?Please ?try a?gain. 2) ?Come a?gain ?next ?time.
3) He has ?gone out and ?come back again. 4) He was ?sick and is ?well again.
5. 在街名中,名词street不重读,而road, avenue都重读。
1) ?Downing Street; 2) ?Wangfujing Street 3) ?Yok ?Road; ?Nan?jing ?Road; ?Sanhuan ?Road 4) the ?Fifth ?Avenue 8.副词forth,on在短语and ?so forth, and ?so on中,不重读。
6. 有双重音的形容词,作表语时两个音节都重读,作定语时,只有第一个音节重读。
1) The ?teacher of the ?school was ?kind-?hearted.
2) The ?kind-hearted ?teacher ?help the ?students ?so much. 3) ?Ten ?years later, my ?mother was ?white-?haired. 4) I was ?overjoyed to ?see my ?white-haired ?mother a?gain. 7. 当讲话者需要讯问时,只重读他认为最重要的词,其他实词失去重音。
---?Who was reading? ----?Jane was reading.
11.为了强调某一个意思,在特定的情景中,虚词可以重读并接受语调。 1) ?Whom was he ?waiting for ? He is ?waiting for ?me. 2) You ?work ?so ?hard. ?What are you ?working ?for?
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