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第六部分 写 作
第一章 短文写作题型
按照考试大纲，写作题型可分为按所给标题和提纲进行写作、看图作文、描述图表和写内容提要等。下面我们分别介绍这些题型的写作方法及注意事项。 1．提纲作文
本考试中，提纲作文一般分为二类：无提纲型标题作文和有提纲型标题作文。 (1)无提纲型标题作文
无提纲型标题作文只给出题目，要求考生根据所给的题目，运用恰当的文体，写出切题、流畅、无重大语法错误的文章，如The Greatest Invention in the Past Century便是。 由于无提纲型的标题作文只提供题目，因此，对题目的审视显得尤为重要。如果审题不清，就不知写作的内容和方法，也就无从下笔。
无提纲型作文的写作应注意审题、立意和选材，具体步骤如下：
A．仔细分析题意，搞清题目涉及的范围，确定文章的中心思想，切忌跑题。
B．选择正确的文体。有时一个题目能用几种文体来写，这时应看所给的题目所涉及的内容更适合用哪一种文体。
C．选择典型材料，拟定合适的提纲。
D．按照提纲精心写作，在写作中避免使用生僻、不贴切的词语。 试看下列作文的写作过程分析： Sample 14
作文题目是：The Greatest Invention in the Past Century
首先应对题目进行审视，找出题目的主题及其限定范围。显然，作文的主题应该是The greatest invention in the past century，而与此有关的内容却很多，如计算机、电视、电影、网络等等，似乎可写的东西很多。这时应该注意如何集中精力考虑The greatest invention among all the great inventions that human beings ever made in the last century这个具体的思维范围。第1步是罗列出能想得出的重要发明来；第2步是说出为什么你选定的那一项是The greatest invention，需要罗列出几条理由来。第3步就应当是如何突出你选定的那项最伟大的发明为人类社会带来的重大变化及其对未来社会发展的重大意义。最终要写出一个发人深思的结尾来。根据这些思路，拟出段首句，列出写作提纲；然后根据这些框架，写出草稿，同时注意时态、语态这些方面是否正确，句子是否连贯等等。
The Greatest Invention in the Past Century
If asked, many people will agree that the computer is definitely the greatest invention of the past century. It has not only completely transformed our lives, but it has become an indispensable part to our everyday lives．
The reason why I think the computer is the greatest invention is that our lives would be different without it. Many people nowadays take computers for granted. Let's try to imagine one day without the computer. You won't be able to draw money out from the bank. The cash register at any grocery store won't work. You can't travel because all the traffic are controlled through a computer. You can not send an email, of course, you can not go on line... I think now perhaps you have realized the importance of the computer．
Although the invention of the computer has brought us many conveniences, computers are still being developed. I believe it will benefit us more in the future． (2)有提纲型标题作文
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有提纲型标题作文，即试题同时给出作文题目和写作提纲，要求考生按照提纲的内容进行阐述、解释或说明，将其扩写成一篇文章。所给提纲或是中文提纲，或是英文提纲。这类作文主要测试考生能否按所限定的条件，有机地组织材料，写出内容充实、文理通顺的文章。 写好有提纲作文的关键自然是要扣紧提纲进行写作。具体写作步骤如下： A．首先分析题意，确定中心思想，准确理解题目的主旨。
B．审提纲。把握提纲所列的关键项目，并以此归纳出文章题目的涵义范围，确定文章的中心思想，切忌跑题。
C．列小提纲。根据所给提纲各条目的关键词，筛选排列各自所需材料。 D．选择正确的文体。
E．内容要写全，切勿漏掉提纲中的任何一点。而且要注意采用恰当的语言手段，使段与段之间的承接要自然。
试看下列作文的写作过程分析： Sample 15
作文题目为：The Reform of Our Higher Education Should Be Geared to the Needs of the New Century
Outline： A．The particular situation with China's education: large population and sharp disparity between different regions；
B．Challenges of the new century both at home and abroad；
C．Your suggestions on how to improve and reform our education, especially, the higher education．
这是一个带英语提纲的作文，这个提纲的三个项目就为考生明确了三个方面的主要写作内容。然后可以进一步列出更详细的提纲如下：
Theme： Our Higher Education Should Be Geared to the Needs of the New Century 1) The challenges faced by China in the new century
A．Large population and small number of qualified talents B．The backward situation in science and technology
2) The present unsatisfying situation of our higher education A．Short of enough qualified talents in the whole country B．Lack of high quality universities
3) Measures to be taken or suggestions to be made
A．The need for financial support for the fast development of our education B．The need to improve the working conditions of the teachers C．The need to reform the educational management systems 4) Ways to put the reform measures into practice
A．Cooperation to be made by the government, the universities and the students' families B．Learning from the advanced countries 5) Expectations to be achieved A．The prosperity of the education
B．Enough talented people to be trained
C．Better administrative and management system D．Better qualified teaching faculty and staff
详细提纲列出以后，具体实现时，尚需在重点发挥和要点取舍上适当控制，以便使最后写出的文章内容切题，各段之间适度平衡，全文中心突出，结尾给人印象深刻。如下面根据上述提纲所写出的有关探讨我国教育改革的短文。
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The advent of the new century has brought about enormous challenges to China's higher education．
Among the many, the biggest one is the gap between advanced countries and ours in scale and quality. It is such a gap that hinders us not to be able to satisfy the need for our fast growing production and the scientific research. A far more challenge is the lack of enough money for the further development investment．
To meet the challenges and reform education more fruitfully, I think, first of all, we need more investment. This problem can be solved in a comprehensive way. For example, joint efforts should be made by the state, the students' families and the universities themselves. Another way is to raise the education and research quality by establishing a closely cooperative educational system with other countries. Thirdly, teachers' working and living conditions should also be improved. With such effective measures I believe more talented people will be eager to dedicate themselves to the prosperity of our education and its vigorous development． 从以上作文例题我们可以看出，提纲作文的要领是能够把握提纲条目的关键词，由此归纳出文章题目的包含范围。然后，筛选出能充分表达关键词内容所需的材料。 2．看图作文
看图作文可分为两类：图片作文和图表作文。 (1)图片作文
图片作文就是通过图画、照片等提供的图像信息写一篇短文。包括叙述一个故事，描述一幅图画情景，或通过一幅或几幅相关的图画说明某个问题或得出某种结论。图片作文要求应试者从图片信息中分辨或综合出作文主题的意义层次，然后按这些层次分段写出作文。 看图作文也要注意审题、立意和选材。具体步骤如下： A．看清作文标题和要求。
B．仔细观察所给图片，把握每一个细节和情节。 C．按时间的先后或原因的主次顺序列出短文提纲。
D．根据提纲组织写作，将图片所表达的意思用文字写出来。 Sample 16
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Coming Back Triumphantly(凯旋归来)
Outline：1．从中国首位从太空胜利返航的宇航员杨利伟的神态中你看出了什么? 2．从照片中杨利伟的神态你联想到了什么?
3．你认为我们中国人民从这次太空飞船的胜利返航中应当学到什么?
Coming Back Triumphantly
Look! Our first spaceman Yang Liwei is coming back and revealing a smile to the people who were flying to welcome him from the successful returning. His smile is not an ordinary one but a historical one in making a part of Chinese space-flight history. His smile shows the pride of his own as well as all Chinese people and the confidence of his own and all the Chinese People's strength in conquering the outer space． As a young man, I am feeling as happy and proud as Yang is. Though I am not a spaceman as Yang, I can imagine that if I were Yang, I would give all the Chinese people the same meaningful smile to show how difficult this victory has been won as a result of the extensive and long-term efforts and collaboration of all the scientists, engineers, soldiers and Yang himself. Without this joint endeavor oration and without the reform and opening policy and the leadership of the Party and government, there would be no such an epoch-making victory．
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Therefore, I do believe, Yang's smile is a significant one, which represents the happiness of us all. It also reminds us of things we are going to do in the future. However great this victory is, this should also be taken as a beginning of a new stage. After all, there is still gap between us and the most advanced countries in space technology. There is far more knowledge we should gain from the outer space and many more stars we should conquer． (2)图表作文
图表作文就是通过统计图表、曲线坐标图表或圆形结构图等提供的一组或几组数据，反映一件事物的不同方面。图表作文要求应试者用文字说明图表，或将所给数字进行比较，从中找出规律并得出结论，或对图表反映的结果进行评论。 图表作文的写作步骤如下：
A．看清作文标题与要求，同一张图表，因命题要求不同，可以写出不同的短文来。 B．充分利用图表中的信息，把握图表中的文字和说明，找出图表要表达的主题。 C．仔细分析图表提供的各种信息，并加以比较和归纳，选出最有意义的信息。避免过多地引用、描述图表中的信息，要有侧重地叙述代表主题的信息。 D．通过对图表的分析，进行概括性的评论，最后得出结论。 图表作文，有其固定的句型和词汇。最常见的有： As can be seen from the table ..． As shown in the graph ..． As is demonstrated ..．
As can be simply proved ..．
As has been mentioned before ..． As is well known ..．
As indicated by the results, ..． As expected ..．
However, it must be noted that ..． It must be realized, however, that ..． It should be noted that ..．
It is also interesting to note that ..． The table (shows) ..． The figures show that ..． The ratio X to Y is ..． Sample 17
Five Evidences of an Educated Man
A question often asked is: “What are the marks of an educated man?” It is plain that one may gain no inconsiderable body of learning in some special field of knowledge without at the same time acquiring those habits and traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman. A reasonable amount of learning must of course accompany an education, but, after all, that amount need not be so very great in any one field. An education will make its mark and find its evidences in certain traits, characteristics, and capacities which have to be acquired by patient endeavor, by following good example, and by receiving wise discipline and sound instruction． These traits or characteristics may be variously described and classified, but among them are five that should always stand out clearly enough to be seen of all men．
The first of these is correctness and precision in the use of the mother tongue. The quite shocking slovenliness and vulgarity of much of the spoken English, as well as not a little of
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