中学英语语法分类复习-省略与插入

二十三. 省略和插入语

一．省略

为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况： （一）简单句中的省略

1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.

（括号内为省略的词语,下同）

(I) See you tomorrow. (It) Doesn't matter.

2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。

e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong?

Why (do you) not say hello to him?

3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。

e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I'd like to (go there).

He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). 注意 如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be/have been或have。

e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.

---- He hasn't finished the task yet.

---- Well, he ought to have.

4、省略表语。

e.g. ---- Are you thirsty?

---- Yes, I am (thirsty).

5、同时省略几个成分。

e.g. Let's meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. ---- Have you finished your work?

---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.

（二）并列句中的省略

两个并列分句中后一分句常省略与前一分句相同的部分。

e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.

I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.

（三）复合句中的省略

1、主句中有一些成分被省略。

e.g. (I'm) Sorry to hear that you are ill.

(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance. (It) Sounds good/reasonable.

2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。

e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.

---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I'm afraid not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don't think so与I think not否定位置不同，含义不一样）。

（四）其它省略

1、连词that的省略：

①宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况

（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。

②在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。 ③引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。 2、不定式符号to的省略

①并列的不定式可省去后面的to。

e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.

②某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see,

watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省to，但在被动语态中一般须把to复原。

e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree.

---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree. ③介词but前若有动词do的某形式，后面的不定式不带to。

e.g. The boy did nothing but play. 3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致，或

为it，且谓语含be动词，可省去“主语 + be”部分，连词有时也可省略。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）

4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）

5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。

e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).

二．插入语

在句子中插人一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充信息、作一些解释、表达说话者的看法、转移话题，或承上启下衔接句子，这些插入部分称为插入语。插入语是句子的附加成分，它与句子的其他成分无语法上的联系，通常用逗号或破折号与句子隔开，一般作独立成分。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。不过，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。 （一）插入语的类型

插入语的类型较多，常见的有：

1. 副词或副词短语用作插入语：surely , certainly, generally,

personally, fortunately, luckily, exactly, frankly, obviously, naturally, briefly, anyway, indeed, still, besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though, or rather等。

She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。 I can, however, discuss this when I see you.

2.形容词或形容词短语用作插入语：true，sure enough，worse still，strange to say，needless to say，most important of all等。

Peter was afraid he had done badly on the test，and sure enough, his

grade was failing.

彼得深怕自己考不好。果然不出所料，他的分数不及格。 And needless to say, I would love to be of assistance in translating

the data.不用说，我愿意协助翻译这些资料。

Worse still, some people have gone to other companies for higher pay.

更糟糕的是，一些人为了更高的报酬已经到其他公司去了。

3.介词短语作插入语：in a word, in a few words,in all,in

totall, in short, in other words, in a sense, in general, in fact, in addition, in one's opinion, as a matter of fact, as a result,as a consequence, of course, for example, by the way, above all, on the other hand, on the contrary, to one's joy, to one's surprise等。

A lot of people here，for example, Mr. Rogers，would rather have

coffee.

这儿的许多人，例如罗杰斯先生，宁愿喝咖啡。

Stop doing what you're doing；in other words, take a break and assess what is working and what is not working.

停下你手头的活。换句话说，就是先停下来，评估一下你正在做的事中什么是有效的，什么是无效的。

Of course, he did not succeed for the lack of experience. 当然，他由于缺乏经验而未成功。

Why do you think we can't change your note? On the contrary, we can. 你怎么知道我们找不开你的钱?恰恰相反，我们能找开。

4.不定式短语用作插入语：to be sure, to be honest, to be

frank, to be short, to be exact, to sum up, to tell the truth, to put it briefly/mildly, to conclude, to begin/start with, to make a long story short等。

To be sure, community service can aid reemployment.

毫无疑问，社区服务能有助于再就业。

To start with, China is ready to strengthen scientific and technological cooperation with many countries.

首先，中国准备和许多国家加强科学技术合作。

5.分词短语作插入语：generally/frankly/truly/ strictly speaking, talking of, including, judging from/by, compared to/with等。

Generally speaking, very few of those who were born with a silver

spoon in their mouth will make the mark.

一般说来，生在富贵人家的孩子很少能有出息。

Judging from the atmosphere, the students were all having fun then. 从气氛来看，那些学生当时玩得很开心。

6．陈述短句作插入语：I am sure, I'm afraid, I think, I hope, I know, I suppose, I believe, I see, I/They say, I bet, you know, you see, what's more, what's worse, what is important, that is(to say), it seems to me, it is said等。

This year, it is said, we are going to have warmer winter.

据说今年冬天会比较暖和。

7.疑问短句作插入语：do you think, do you suppose, do you guess，do you expect，do you believe等。其句型为“疑问词+ do you think等+主语+动词？” Who do you think you're talking to?

你以为你在跟谁说话？

Mum is coming. What present do you expect she has got for your birthday?

妈妈要来了，你希望她给你带来什么样的生日礼物？ Why do you suppose the accident has happened? 你认为事故为什么会发生？

How many books do you guess he bought the other day？ 你猜他那天买了几本书？

8.从句（有时是省略形式）作插入语: if you like, if you don't

mind, if you please, if I may say so, if necessary, if any, if convenient, if not better than, as far as I know, as I see it, as it happens等。

You can use the dressing room there to try it on, if you like. 如果您愿意的话，可以去那儿的试衣室试穿一下。 I could come earlier, if necessary. 如果必要我可以早点来。

Jack draws as well as, if not better than, David.

如果说杰克画得不比戴维好，至少和他画得一样好。

Our football team，as far as I know，is more advanced than theirs.据我所知，我们的足球队比他们的有实力。

（二）插入语的位置

插入语位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，或句末，常用逗号隔开（见上边例句）。有时也不用逗号隔开：

You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。 What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？