新标准大学英语综合教程4课后答案

Unit 3

Active reading (1) Background information

Fashion is generally divided into subsectors: menswear, womenswear, sportswear and streetwear, hosiery (socks, tights, stockings), formal wear and casual wear. Fashion and the choice of what clothes we buy and wear is influenced by our beliefs, attitudes and personality. But this passage shows that the stock market can also be an influence. Culture points

The Californian gold rush (1848–1855) was a period of rapid migration of miners and other workers into California following the dramatic discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada. It led to the settlement of California.

Swinging London is a term that describes fashion and cultural trends in music and the media in mid-1960s Britain, especially London. Icons of the time included the miniskirt, the mini car, the first supermodels like Twiggy (who was famous for being very thin) and

fashionable shopping streets for clothes (like Carnaby Street and Kings Road in London).

The hippie movement began in the early 1960s in California and spread internationally. Hippies had a reputation for social rebellion (eg with drugs and sexual behaviour) and alternative lifestyles (eg in communes). They tried to find a new way of life which valued peace, individuality, and religious and cultural

diversity. The movement influenced popular music, TV and film, literature and the arts. Hippie fashions included long full skirts, bell-bottomed jeans, home-made and tie-dyed garments, the use of flower designs

(which represented peace and love), and influences from non-Western cultures in headscarves, headbands, bracelets and long beaded necklaces.

The punk period features fashions that expressed anger against society and included brightly coloured hair, ripped clothes and studded belts.

The New Romantics was a youth fashion movement, developed in 1960s in London. It is strongly associated

with music, which was inspired by historical periods, especially the English Romantic Movement. Fashions had a dramatic, flamboyant look with luscious fabrics, loose shirts with frills and short shirt collars, unfolded,

with top buttons unfastened and using monotone colours. Power dressing is a stylish and perhaps expensive way of dressing (usually for business, the professions or politics) which is intended to give the impression that the person wearing the clothes is assertive and competent, through the use of structured shapes, shoulder pads, smart fabrics, high heels and clean cut styling

in the form of work uniform. Whether wearing particular styles of clothing empowers the wearer or whether newly-empowered people simply wear clothes that reflect their achievements is an open question. Miami Vice was a classic 1980s TV crime drama about two detectives who go undercover to fight drug

traffickers. The series – and the 2006 film – was noted for its strong use of music and visual effects; it has

been rebroadcast around the world. During the five years of making this TV series the producers explicitly sought the advice of designers (eg Gianni Versace, Hugo Boss) in order to display the latest European fashion trends, with the result that Miami Vice had a significant influence on 1980s men’s fashion in the USA

and elsewhere, and even on the 2000s revival (it was called “retro” or “retrospective style”). The clothing

style of the TV detectives, Sonny Crockett and Rico Tubbs, had pastel coloured T-shirts and suits, no socks,

sunglasses, and an unshaven appearance of a small amount of beard stubble.

Heavy metal music is a kind of rock music that developed in the UK and USA in the late 1960s and early 1970s, characterized by loudness, speed, distorted amplified sounds and extended guitar solos. Converse is a company which has produced basketball shoes since 1917, especially the Chuck Taylor All Stars trainers (often abbreviated to “Chucks” or “Cons”),