中古英语时期

1st the Medieval Period中古英语时期 1．The Middle Ages中世纪

European history: the 5th century AD --- the end of the 15th century The Anglo-Saxon period: 446AD --- 1066 + 400 years 欧洲的历史：公元5世纪---15世纪的结束 盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期：446AD---1066+400年 一．The major literary forms一，主要文学形式 1. Epic --- Beowulf贝奥武甫

Epic, a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition史诗，一首诗，庆祝连续叙述形式的历史和传统中的一个或多个英雄人物的成就

—— Basic information基本信息

1） the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people 盎格鲁 - 撒克逊和英国的民族史诗 2） a long poem of about 3,000 lines（2）一首长诗约3000线

3）a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental home. （3）一个民间传说带到英格兰的盎格鲁 - 撒克逊人从他们的大陆的家。 ——Features特点

（1） The use of alliteration (certain accented words in a line beginning with the same consonant sound, generally 4 accents in a line, three of them showing alliteration. 1）在一条线上，使用头韵（某些重音单词开头的辅音相同的声音，一般4口音在一条线上，他们三个显示头韵。 （2） The use of metaphor 2）使用隐喻

（3） The use of understatements 3）使用低调陈述

三． Major writer: Geoffrey Chaucer—the founder of English poetry杰弗雷.乔叟 1. Chaucer’s literary career。乔叟的文学生涯 Three periods 三个时期

（1）法国---来自法国的翻译作品，―玫瑰的传奇故事‖（电表，语言和主题）

（1）France --- works translated from the French, ―The Romaunt of the Rose‖ (meter, language and subject) （2）意大利---改编自意大利，―特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达‖的作品（显示出了他的创造性，通过借来的主题） （2）Italy --- works adapted from the Italian, ―Troilus and Criseyde‖ (showing his creativeness through borrowed themes)

（3）英国---纯英文，―坎特伯雷故事集‖（他自己的选择题目，自己掌握的性格和他自己的用词和情节）（3） England --- purely English, ―The Canterbury Tales‖ (his own choice of subject, his own grasp of character and his own diction and plot)

2. ―The Canterbury Tales‖ (1307 -1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》

--- Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. ---乔叟的杰作和英国文学的不朽作品之一。

1“heroic couplet‖, the rhymed couplet of iambic pentametre (五音步抑扬格) (his chief contribution to English poetry --- introducing from France the rhymed stanzas of various types) 1―英雄双面体‖，抑扬pentametre（五音步抑扬格）的押韵的对联（他的主要为英语诗歌的贡献---从法国引进各种类型的押韵的诗节） 2 Doing much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech 2做多在使伦敦方言为现代英语演讲的基础

2nd the Elizabethan Age伊丽莎白时期

一．Renaissance, humanism一，文艺复兴时期，人文主义

1 Renaissance 1文艺复兴

When: the 14th century --- the 17th century; 时间：14世纪---17世纪; Where: Italy, all over Europe; 地点：意大利，整个欧洲;

What features: a thirsting curiosity for classical literature; the keen interest in life and human activities; What effects: leading to the flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture and so on; 哪些功能：一个渴慕的好奇心古典文学，在生活和人类活动的浓厚兴趣; 什么样的影响：导致绘画，雕塑，建筑等的开花;

Key-note: humanism; Humanism means a shift from the divine element to human element. 关键提示：以人为本，以人为本是指从神圣的元素转移到人的因素

Mark: a period of transition from the medieval to the modern world. 标记：一个过渡时期，从中世纪到现代世界

2 Historical and cultural background of the English Renaissance历史和文化的英国文艺复兴的背景 (1)Renaissance in the mainland Europe; （1）在文艺复兴时期的欧洲大陆;

(2) the religious revolution: Henry Ⅷ Edward Ⅶ Mary Elizabeth（2）宗教革命：亨利Ⅷ爱德华Ⅶ玛丽·伊丽莎白

(3) the continuing development of trade, the growth of the middle class, the education for lay people, the centralization o f power, the widening horizons of exploration, printing introduced into England（3）贸易的不断发展，中产阶层的成长，教育的平信徒，中央集权，探索拓宽视野，印刷引入英国 二． Major achievement in English literature二，主要成就在英国文学 1. Renaissance poetry 1。文艺复兴时期的诗歌

The greatest innovators:,Edmund Spenser --- displaying the ornate, somewhat florid, highly figured style; 这两个最伟大的创新：埃德蒙斯宾塞---显示华丽，有点红润，高度想通风格; Metaphysical poet --- John Donne; 形而上学诗人---约翰·多恩

John Milton --- revealing poetic power and grace under the control of a profound mind; 约翰·弥尔顿---揭示了深刻的心灵的控制下诗意的力量和恩典 2. Renaissance drama2。文艺复兴时期的话剧

Most of the plays were in an elaborate verse style and under the influence of classical examples. 大多数戏剧都是在一个精心制作的诗歌风格和经典范例的影响下。

Christopher Marlowe, beginning the tradition of the chronicle plays, and establishing blank verse in plays; 克里斯托弗·马洛，拉开了历史剧的传统，在戏剧建立空白的诗句;

William Shakespeare, depictions of world-shattering characters that strive to go beyond the normal human limitations. 威廉·莎士比亚，即努力超越正常人类的局限世界惊天动地的人物描写。 3. Late Renaissance and the 17th century3。文艺复兴晚期和17世纪

Ben Johnson, carefully plotted comedies written in a more sober and careful style (the character of the later Restoration comedy); 本·约翰逊，精心策划编写一个更清醒和谨慎的风格（后来的恢复喜剧的人物）的喜剧;

The King James Bible, vocabulary, imagery and rhythms国王詹姆斯圣经，词汇，意象和节奏 四．Major writers: Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, John Donne主要作家：弗朗西斯·培根，莎士比亚，约翰·多恩

1 Francis Bacon (1561 --- 1626)弗朗西斯.培根 （1）Points of view

His belief: people are the servants and interpreters of nature; truth is not derived from authority; knowledge is the fruit of experience;

His contribution: to logic the method implicative inference（1）点的看法

他相信：人是大自然的仆人和口译，真理不是来自权威，知识是经验的果实; 他的贡献：以逻辑的方法推理含蓄 （2）Major works

1The Advancement of Learning (1605)《学问的演进》 2 Novum Organum (1620)《新工具》 3Essays (1597 --- 1625)

4The New Atlantis(1627)《新大西岛》 （3）Selected readings ―Of Studies”

one of the shortest yet the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays;

Analyzing the use and the abuse of studies, and how studies exert influence over human character; Revealing typically the prose style of Bacon; ―论读书‖ 一个最短但最流行的培根的散文58;

分析了使用和研究的滥用，以及研究如何发挥影响力，人的性格; 揭示通常培根的散文风格;

2. William Shakespeare (1564 --- 1616)威廉.莎士比亚 （1） Points of view

一 Humanistic ideas: 人本理念：

1. Affirming the importance of the feudal system in order to uphold the nation’s unity and social order;

1。申明，以维护国家的统一和社会秩序的封建体系的重要性;

2. Being against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money 2。作为反对宗教迫害和种族歧视，反对社会不平等和黄金和金钱腐败影响;;

3. Fearing anarchy, hating rebellion and despising democracy; 3。由于担心无政府状态，恨叛乱和蔑视民主;

二 Literary ideas: 文艺思想：

Literature --- a combination of beauty, kindness and truth; ---文学之美，善良和真理的组合; Literature --- reflecting nature and reality; 文学---反映自然和现实;

Literature --- reaching immortality by reflecting nature and reality; 文学---通过反射自然和现实达到不朽; （2）Major works (3 plays + 2 long poems + 154 sonnets) 1. The First Period (1590-1600)

1590: Henry Ⅵ, Part ⅠHenry Ⅵ, Part Ⅱ. 1591: Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅲ.

1592: Richard Ⅲ.The Comedy of Errors.

1593: Titus Andronicus. The Taming of the Shrew.

1594: The Two Gentlemen of Verona. Love’s Labour’s Lost.《爱的徒劳》 Romeo and Juliet.《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

1595: Richard Ⅱ.A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream.《仲夏夜之梦》喜 1596: King John.The Merchant of Venice.《威尼斯的商人》喜 1597: Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ.Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅱ.

1598: Much Ado About Nothing. Henry Ⅴ.The Merry Wives of Windsor.《温莎的风流娘们儿》 1599: Julius Caesar.As You Like It.《皆大欢喜》喜 1600: Twelfth Night. 《第十二夜》喜

2．The Second Period (1601--- 08) 1601: Hamlet.哈姆雷特》悲

1602: Troilus and Cressida. All Well That Ends Well.《终成眷属》 1604: Measure for Measure. Othello.《奥赛罗》悲 1605: King Lear.《李尔王》悲 Macbeth.《麦克白》悲 1606: Antony and Cleopatra.《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉》 1607: Coriolanus.Timon of Athens.《雅典的泰门》 1608: Pericles.

3． The Third Period (1609 --- 12) 1609: Cymbeline.《辛白林》

1610: The Winter’s Tale.《冬天的故事》 1611: The Tempest.《暴风雨》Henry Ⅷ.

四大悲剧：Hamlet.哈姆雷特King Lear.李尔王 Macbeth.麦克白Othello.奥赛罗

四大喜剧： A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream.《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night. 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice.《威尼斯的商人》As You Like It.《皆大欢喜》 （3）Selected readings

1―The Merchant of Venice‖ (1596)

一 Themes

1 Justice vs. Mercy

All men should be merciful.

Human mercy should follow the example of Divine mercy. Injustice is revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews. 2Appearance vs. Reality

Variations on this theme: superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth; the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law

3 Commercial or Material Values vs. Love

True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. 一主题 1正义与慈悲

所有的人应该是仁慈的。

人类的怜悯应该遵循的神圣慈悲的例子。 不公正显露在基督徒的治疗犹太人。 2Appearance与现实

;法律与法律的精神字母肤浅或外在美与道德或精神之美和真理：在这个主题变奏曲 3商业或物质价值与爱情

真正的爱情是比金钱和物质价值更有价值。 二 Character analysis二性格分析

夏洛克 - 在剧中最具争议性的人物

波西亚 - 女主角，见着她的美貌，活泼智慧，机智和高尚的道德严肃性 2―18首十四行诗‖

Shylock – the most controversial character in the play

Portia – the heroine, renowned for her beauty, lively intelligence, quick wit and high moral seriousness 2―Sonnet 18‖

Theme: In immortal poetry you become even with time主题：在不朽的诗你变得更加随时间