新外研版初三下讲义（重要知识点） - 图文

+adj./adv. + enough (for sb.) to do意为“…（不）足够（某人）做某事”。例：The house is big enough for us to live in. The boy is not old enough to go to school. spare用法： v. 节省；省掉；抽出 Can you spare me five minutes? Spare your energy for some other work. adj. 多余的；空闲的；预备的 He could have taken a spare key. They don’t have a lot of spare cash... in one’s spare time在某人空余时间；spare no effort in doing不遗余力 15. She’s seen how life has changed.她看到了生活是怎样改变的。 16. Remember to speak up! She’s a bit deaf now.【speak up大声讲；a bit adv.稍微；有点】 Unit 2 17. I ask her about life today and in the past.我问她关于现在和过去的生活。 18. My family lived in a tiny house. There were no electric lights, only candles.我的家人住在一个狭小的房子里。没有电灯，只有蜡烛。 19. She was a kind and loving mother.她是意为宽容、慈爱的母亲。 20. She didn’t go out to work.她不出去工作。【go out to work出去工作】 21. There were five children in my family, and looking after us was more than a full-time job…照顾我们比作一份全职工作还要辛苦。【looking after us动名词短语作主语。full-time全职的；part-time兼职的】 22. I wasn’t sent to school because my family couldn’t afford it, and what’s more, because I was a girl.我没有上学，因为我的家庭负担不起，还有，因为我是女孩。【send sb. to sw.把某人送到…；send for派人去请；send up发射；send off寄出；afford意为“买得起；负担得起；提供”。常与can, could或be able to连用。例：Can we afford a new car? We can’t afford to give you around-the-clock protection.】 近形辨析：effect n.影响；affect v.影响；effort n.努力；offer v./n.提供；出价；afford v.买得起 23. She has a good education, and she goes to work even after getting married.她受过良好的教育，她甚至在婚后还去工作。【get married to结婚，表示动作。be married to结婚，表示状态。marry表示动作。】 24. I’m happy to see she’s busy working every day, but sometimes I feel lonely because she can’t come to see me often.我很高兴看到他每天忙着共组，但有时我感觉孤单，因为她不能经常来看我。【be busy (in) doing sth.忙于做某事；be busy with sth.忙于某事；lonely意为“孤独的；寂寞的（感情色彩上的）；荒凉的；人迹罕见的”。alone意为“单独的”。另外，lonely的名词为loneliness。辨析：She is alone, but she doesn’t feel lonely.】 25. on foot步行；the underground地铁 26. The only thing I don’t like, though, is that there’s so much more traffic.不过，只有一件事我不喜欢，那就是路上交通更加繁忙。【此处的though意为“不过；可是”为副词。】 27. joy n./v.—enjoy v.—enjoyable adj.—enjoyment n. 28. generally speaking总而言之；概括地说 29. advantage益处；—disadvantage劣势；appropriate adj.适当的； Unit 3 30. medicine and diet are improving, and people are getting healthier and living longer.医疗条件和饮食在提高，人们变得更健康并且活的更长。 31. Today, with the Internet, people can communicate more easily than ever before with friends all over the world.在因特网的帮助下，人们可以与全世界的朋友更容易地进行交流。【communicate with sb.与某人交流；名词为communication】 32. More people drive cars instead of riding bikes, so they are not as fit as they were.更多人开汽车而不骑自行车，因此他们不像过去一样健康。【此处的fit = healthy。另外，fit还意为“合格的;胜任的”。You’re not fit to be a mother!】 33. Increasing traffic makes the roads more crowded than ever, and it also makes pollution worse. We must all work harder to reduce pollution.增长的交通不仅使道路更加拥挤，它也使污染更重。我们必须努力工作去减少污染。 34. You have to speak up because the students in the back cannot hear you.你得大点胜说，因为后面的学生听不到你说话。 35. I searched online an found out the following.我通过在线查询找到了下列资料。 36. Instead of green countryside, people lived in very small houses, very close to each other, with no space for children to play.人们住在很小的房子里，彼此紧挨着，而不是住在绿色的乡村，孩子们没有玩耍的空间。【space = room空间】 辨析：close, closely, closing, closed --close (v./adj./adv.)作副词的时候，意思是―接近，靠近，紧挨地‖，它表示一种具体的距离上的近（与near词义相近）例：They sat close together.另外，close to是固定搭配，意思是―离…近‖。 9

--closely是指一种抽象的―近‖也可引申为―亲密；仔细‖等意思。例：Tea has been closely woven into the life of the Chinese people. 茶已经紧密地融入到了中国人的生活中。 --closing adj.意为―结尾的，结束的‖，例：They almost won the match in the closing minutes. --closed adj.意为―关着的‖，例：The door is closed. 37. Sometimes, a whole street had to share one outside toilet.【share sth. with sb.意为“与某人分享某物”。】 38. Can you imagine that?你能想象那种情况吗？【imagine后接名词、动名词、从句作宾语。】 39. The pollution from factories filled the air.来自于工厂的污染充满了空气。【be full of = be filled with充满；fill in填写】 40. As a result, there were many illness.【as a result结果】 41. They worked twelve hours a day in dangerous jobs for very little money.为了很少的钱，他们一天12小时干着危险的工作。【danger n.—dangerous adj.—endanger v.；in danger“濒危的”】 42. Many were hurt in accidents with machines.【hurt常指（小刀）弄伤；（语言）伤害。injure（车祸中）受伤。wound（战斗中）负伤。】 43. You can focus your attention just on the information you need.【focus on…致力于；对…予以注意】 44. a great deal用作副词，意为“大量”。a great deal后面如果要跟名词，必须加介词of，a great deal of只能修饰不可数名词。 45. Cars allow people to travel long distances quickly, in comfort and convenience.【allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事。comfort v./n.—comfortable adj.; convenient adj.—convenience n.】 46. The car also solved an enormous problem (caused by using horses for transport in cities).【solve解决；解答；enormous巨大的；庞大的】 47. So…that it was almost impossible to get rid of the manure.【get rid of…除掉】 48. actual—actually实际上；事实上；opinion意见；评价；take turn轮流；argue—argument争论

Module 4 Rules an suggestions 重点单词/短语 whenever; starve; fairly; set off; close to; get lost; go off; on one’s own; lead the way; fall asleep; 重点句型 …whenever you go walking in the hills, you should always wear proper clothes. You mustn’t go off on your own. Can we have something to eat now? 情态动词 语法复习 Unit 1 1. When is Betty leaving for the trip?【leave for…出发去（某地）】 2. What does Betty’s mum suggest Betty should not do?【suggest引导的宾语从句谓语动词常为：(should) + do。拓展：suggest doing。另外，suggestion作名词为可数名词。】 3. Does Betty think the trip will be dangerous?贝蒂认为这次旅行危险吗？ 4. Please pay attention for a moment.【pay attention to意为“注意”。如果无宾语，则需省略介词“to”。】 5. Before we set off, there are a few rules and suggestions for you.在我们出发之前，我要给你们将几条规定和建议。【set off意为“动身；出发”，相当于set out，是不及物动词短语。拓展：set up建立；a set of一套，一串。】 6. Whenever you go walking in the hills, you should always wear proper clothes.无论何时你们在山里徒步旅行，你们应该总是穿着合适的衣服。【whenever此处为连词，相当于no matter when，引导的让步状语从句。proper意为―适当的‖，副词为properly。】 7. You mustn’t walk too close to the edge of the hill path because you might fall and hurt yourselves.你们不许太靠近山路的边缘走，因为你们可能会掉下去并伤了自己。【close to意为“离…近”。the edge of意为―…边缘‖。at the edge of在某个范围的边缘；on the edge of在某个物体表面的边缘上。I could hear birds singing at the edge of the woods. Don’t put the glass on the edge of the table. 动词+反身代词：hurt/cut/look after/dress/look at/teach oneself】 8. keep together呆在一起；get/be lost 迷路了= lose one’s way；go off 离开/去；变质；响起；（电灯）熄灭。I woke up when my alarm clock went off. All the lights went off. on one’s own = by oneself = alone独自, 独自。 辨析：one one’s own:单独地，独立地。多作状语。of one’s own:属于某人自己的。一般作定语。 例：Mr. Wang built the house on his own, and now he has a house of his own. 9. I’m starving!【starve意为“挨饿；饿死”。starving adj.意为“饥饿的”。拓展：be starved of意为“渴望；急需”。The school is starved of first-class teachers.】 10

10. Have breakfast吃早餐；start doing/to do sth.开始做某事；at noon在中午；in one go一口气；一下子。例：He swallowed down five tablets in one go. 11. You must be careful of falling stones.你们必须小心下落的石头。【其中“falling”为现在分词，作stones的前置定语。】 = You should also be careful stone falling from above.【短语falling from above作stone的后置定语。】 be careful of …小心…，后接名词/动名词或从句。例：Be careful of the dog. It may bit you. be careful with…仔细做某事，有仔细，细心的意思。例：Be careful with the experiment you’re doing. be careful to do...小心地做某事。例：He is careful to light fire. 12. Off we go, down this path, across the stream…【完全倒装句。正常语序为：We go off, ...。go off此处意为“离开”。】 13. get up to 达到;赶上; 靠近到; 从事… 14. It should be a fairly smooth walk because it’s a straight path, but it’ll start to get difficult soon.【fairly adv.相当地；公平地；smooth adj./v.逛花灯；流畅的；使平滑；straight adj./adv.直的；直地。get difficult变得艰难了，其中get为联系动词。】辨析：rather, fairly 1. fairly表示对事物的赞赏，有令人喜悦之感，含褒义，一般修饰表示―好‖的形容词或副词，如：nice, good, well, bravely等；而rather往往表示对事物的不赞赏，有令人不悦之感，含贬义，修饰表示―不好‖的形容词或副词，如：bad, ugly, stupid等，例：You did fairly well, but he did rather badly. 2. fairly与rather修饰中义词时，表示说话人的不同感受或看法。试比较： It’s a fairly easy book.（这本书还算容易） It’s a rather easy book.（这本书太浅了） 3. rather可以和比较级形容词或者too连用，fairly则不行。例：My brother is rather better today. This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors. 15. depend on依赖；依靠；strong—strength力量；优点；at the start刚开始 Unit 2 16. What (do you think) the people in the tent should do?【do you think为插入语；剩余部分为宾语从句，从句缺宾语故用连接代词“what”，并且用陈述语序。】 17. Where (do you think) is the best place (to keep food safe from bears)?【do you think为插入语；剩余部分为宾语从句，从句缺地点状语故用连接副词“where”。不定式to keep…在居中作place的后置定语。】 On the first evening, the three of us were tired after walking for about eight hours. 【the three of us意为“我们三个人”，一共是三人。】 辨析：on, in, at on in at 用在具体的某一天或某天的上午、下午或晚上及节日前 on Monday morning 用在年、月、季节及泛指上午、下午或晚上等 用在钟点、夜里、中午、拂晓前 in may; in the morning at six; at noon 18. We soon fell asleep.【fall asleep意为“入睡”。“睡觉”的顺序：be sleepy—go to sleep—fall asleep—sleeping—be asleep】 19. In the middle of the night, I heard a strange noise outside.【hear + ab./sth. + do/doing/done】 辨析：noise噪音；sound声音；voice嗓音 20. Look out of向外看；get up起床；make breakfast做早餐 21. We should hang the food in a tree tonight.【hang—hanged—hanged绞死；hang—hung—hung悬挂】 22. Later that day, we stopped in a beautiful field by a stream. by的用法： 1. by+地点名词。表方位，意为：―在…旁边‖。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。 注：有时可表:―从…旁经过‖,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。 2. by+时间名词。意为：―到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…,在…之前‖。 3. by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：―按…计算，按…买(卖)‖。 by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。 4.by+交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：―通过…，由…，乘…‖by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane; by land/road/sea/water/air等。（on foot) 5. by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：―靠…，通过…，由…所致‖。by practice/diligence/chance/accident; by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand 6. by+动词—ing.意为：―通过…，靠…，凭…‖。如：by waiting/ practicing /begging/ working/ imitating等。 23. We put up the tent and fell asleep. 我们搭起帐篷，然后睡着了。【put up意为“搭起，架起”。例：We put up our tent 11

in the woods. put up 还可表示“张贴；举起，安装”。例：She put up the picture on the wall.】 24. We must keep the camp clean…我们必须保持营地干净…【keep + sb./sth.+形容词，意为―使某人/某物保持某种状态‖。 He always keeps his mother happy.拓展：1. keep sb./sth. doing sth. 让某人/某物一直做某事例：Don’t keep me waiting for long. 2. keep doing sth. 一直做某事。例：He keeps asking the same question.】 25. Let’s tidy up and move on.【tidy up整理；move on继续前进】 26. You mustn’t make any sudden moves or any sound.你千万别突然移动或发出声音。【make a move开始行动；搬家；make a sound发出声音】 27. And above all, you mustn’t run. 最重要的是，你绝对不能跑。 辨析：above all, after all, first of all above all 尤其是；最重要的是 强调需特别对待，类似于especially Above all, make sure you are safe. after all first of all 毕竟；终究 首先 表示一种让步语气 表示次序 Don’t punish me. After all he is a child. First of all, let’s make a plan. 28. No one can run faster in the forest than a bear.在森林里，没人能跑过熊。 辨析：no one, none, nothing none指人，物都可以 none常回答how many和how much引导的疑问句 no one只指人 no one常回答who引导的疑问句 nothing指物 nothing常回答what引导的疑问句 None可以和of, 谓语可以是单数或复数 no one不可以和of连用，谓语只有单数 29. for a break休息一会 30. While the others were resting, I went for a walk in the forest.当其他人在休息时，我出去散步了。【the others表示其余全部人。others表示另一些人（是another的复数形式）。go for a walk去散步。while的用法：while从句中的动词要用“延续性动词”，且常用进行时。】 31. Suddenly, I saw a baby bear playing with some sticks and stones. I saw the baby bear and his huge mother walking away.【see v12 +宾语+doing/do/done】 32. If I reach out, I can touch him. 我要是伸出手的话，就能摸着它。【reach out意为“伸出（手等）”。reach out for sth.或reach for sth. 意为“伸出手去拿某物”。拓展：1.beyond/out of one's/the reach达不到的，力所不及的，不能理解 2.within one’s reach在某人力所能及的范围内, 在某人能到达的范围内】 33. I stood very still.【still作形容词，意为“静止的；不动的”。still用作副词还可以意为“还，仍然；更加（常修饰比较级）‖ Do you still live here? She is still more beautiful.】 34. I turned pale and her ran past me into the woods.我脸色惨白，它从我身边跑进了森林。 turn的用法： 一、turn = become 用作连系动词。In autumn the leaves turn yellow. 二、turn构成的词组。 1. I expect the missing watch will turn up one day. (turn up出现) 2. Don’t turn to him for help. (转向；求助于) 3. Turn over the page. (翻转) 4. Turn it round and let me see the other side. (使转身) 5. Turn away from the light. (把脸转过去) 6. Turn your pocket inside out. 把你的口袋翻过来。 三、take turns to do, take turns at doing或do by turns都表示―轮流做某事‖的意思。 It’s one’s turn to do... 表示―轮到某人做某事‖。注意表达时turn一词的单复数形式。例如： 1. We take turns to make/at making dinner. (=We make dinner by turns.) 2. It’s your turn to recite the passage. 四、turn out 表示―结果…‖。I hope everything will turn out fine/well/all right. 35. run back跑回；回忆；run back to sw.跑回某地 36. For the text ten days, every time there was a sudden noise, my blood went cold.之后的十天里，每当听到突然的声响，我都回心惊胆战。【every time此处为连词，意为“每次，每当‖，引导时间状语从句，相当于when。Every time I wear the cap, I will think of you.】 12