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Who: 一
般修饰主语； whom: 一般修饰宾语
That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的
Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation, case, circumstance,
arrangement，用in which修饰更好。
When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以 用in which
修饰限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用that; 非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which （四）动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构
从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点： 1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。 （五）which 和现在分词
1.Which 必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子 2.ing 形式做修饰语
（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词 （2）可以修饰主语和动词
（3）可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主 语），这种
形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。
EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.
（4）ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词
（5）ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此 时其逻辑主
语就是主句的主语。
12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44
Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91
OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84
七、动词的时态、语气和主被动 （零）时态、感情、语气
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1. 一般定义用一般现在时。 2. 不能用一般现在时表示将来。
3.表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如know, signify。
EG: Wrong: This inscription ISSIGNIFYING the emperor's birth. Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
（一）现在完成时态
1.现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对 现在有所影
响。现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点； within/over/during/in+时间 段
EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage. (The time of will pay is LATER than the future time of have taken)
2.而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。 表示词：likeihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点 （二）过去完成时
1.两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时用一个过去式说明一 个动词，要 将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态 （will---would）
EG: The man believes that the machine will be wonderful. The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful. 错误：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful.
The man believed that the machine will be wonderful. 2.如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先 后顺序的
话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。
EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream. Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.
3. Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一 个分句中 用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。 EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but
less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of
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popular music.
（二）虚拟语气 虚拟语气常见的两种形式：
1. 看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用if, as if, as though引导 2. proposal, desire, request等表“建议”、“命令”的词用that引导 3. 虚拟语气中，be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉) 1.表示确定: If present, then present
EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
2.表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or may
If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill. 3.确定-用于将来时态： if present, then future
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
4.不确定-现在时态： if hypothetical subjunctive, then conditional If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气) 5.从未发生-过去式：if past perfect, then conditional perfect
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气) 命令性的虚拟语气
1.一般形式： 主语+命令性词汇+that+从句主语+动词原形+… 2.常见的命令性词汇：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest
3.另外有些词汇，只能用不定式的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want 4.有些词汇既可以表示命令，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
5.具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
6.形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,
desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
7.例外：prohibit
常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing 但prohibit不能接不定式
EG: In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the
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company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its
water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process. （三）被动语态与主动语态
1.by后面一般跟动作的执行者； through 和because of 后面跟一些设备或者方法 2.GMAT规则，主动优于被动
3.完成时态可用不及物动词，但被动语态不可以
12th Edition: 3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87
Verbal Review: 3, 21, 28, 30, 37, 39, 40, 55, 61, 78 OR 2nd Edition: 30, 37, 38, 39, 56, 74
八、GMAT 中常见的比较 （一）常见的比较词汇
Like, unlike, more than, less than, faster than, different from, in contrast with/to, as, as(adj.) as , as
much as, as fast as, the same as like vs as
Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词， 代词或者名词短语
As 既是介词，又是连词，后面可以跟句子。如果比较对象是两个名词，最好用 like
表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like （二）比较的两点重要规则 1、比较的对象有具有可比性 2、比较要从结构上保持平行 （三）比较重要考点 1、对主谓宾全的句型
(1)主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do 是为了显示这是一个 可以发出动
作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
(2)介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词） 注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面 The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks. 错,不是介宾比较
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside
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