Book 1 - U1 - 语法

定语从句（一）

一、基本概念 （一）定语从句

在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 （二）先行词

先行词是指被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。 （三）关系代词和关系副词

定语从句的引导词与先行词关系密切，紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。定语从句的引导词分关系代词和关系副词两种：关系代词有who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when, where和why。关系副词在定语从句中充当状语。

二、关系代词的用法 （一）基本用法

根据先行词及其在从定语句中所充当的成分不同，定语从句中要选用不同的关系代词。 如下表：

关系词 who 先行词 从句成分 人 主语，宾语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? (1) Mr Smith is the person with whom I am working. (2) The boy (whom) she loved died in whom, whichthe war. 和that在从句(1) I like those books whose topics are 中做宾语时，about history. 常可以省略，(2) The boy whose father works abroad 但当介词提is my classmate. 前时后面关系代词不能(1) A plane is a machine that can fly. 也不可(2) She is the pop star (that) I want to 省略，以用that see very much. (1) The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. (2) The picture which was about the accident was terrible. (1) He is such a person as is respected by all of us. as做宾语一(2) This is the same pen as I lost 般不省略 yesterday. 备注 whom 人 宾语 whose 关系代词 人，物 定语 that 人，物 主语，宾语 which 物 主语，宾语 as 人，物 主语，宾语 e.g. (1) Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? (作主语)

(2) I read a report about his new novel that/which will soon be published. (作主语)

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(3) The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. (作宾语) (4) This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. (作宾语) (5) The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. (作定语) 注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例(3)(4)） （二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况

which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只能用关系代词that。 1. 先行词是形容词的最高级或它的前面有形容词的最高级来修饰时。 e.g. (1) This is the best that has been used against pollution.

(2) English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 2. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。 e.g. (1) This is the last place (that) I want to visit.

(2) It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.

3. 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。 e.g. (1) You should hand in all that you have.

(2) We haven’t got much that we can offer you.

4. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。 e.g. (1) The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. (2) The little money (that) he had was stolen. （三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。

e.g. (1) One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. (2) Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it. 2. 先行词是those时。

e.g. Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic

cloth.

（四）其它情况

1. 先行词既有人又有物时。

e.g. (1) Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?

(2) The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 2. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。 e.g. (1) Which is the bike that you lost?

(2) Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting? （五）与whose有关的问题

1. whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 e.g. (1) I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.

(2) Please show me the book whose cover is red.

2. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。 e.g. The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.

→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant. 或 → The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.

三、介词前提的问题

关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如： Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? (which作介词with的宾语)

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→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 注意：

1. 介词提前后，当先行词是人或物时，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that

或who。

2. 介词提前后，关系代词不再能省略。

3. 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。 e.g. (1) 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?

正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking? 或

Who is the old man (that/whom) you were talking to?

(2) 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.

正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.

四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。 e.g. (1) Who is the guy that is reading over there?

(2) The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. (3) All that needs to be done has been done.

(4) He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. (5) Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam. 例(3)中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例(5)中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。

that与which, who, whom的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 1. 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时； 2. 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时； 3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时。 4. 先行词既指人又指物时； 5. 先行词被the only, the very修饰时； 6. 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时。 例句 1. He told me everything that he knows. 2. All the books that you offered have been given out. 3. This is the best film that I have ever read. 4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5. He is the only man that I want to see. 6. Who is the man that is making a speech? 只用that的情况 只用which, who, whom的情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. 指代物，用who/whom指人； 2. 在由“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语2. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. 从句中，只能用which指物，whom指3. Those who respect others are 人； usually respected by others. 3. 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 第 3 页 共 8 页

语法知识拓展

一、选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子补充完整。 1. Rice is a plant ________ is grown in the south.

2. Those ________ want to go please sign their names here. 3. All ________ glitters is not gold.

4. This is the only way leads to your success.

5. Both the girl and her dog were crossing the street were hit by a coming car. 6. This is the biggest building ________we have ever built in our school.

7. This is the second school ________ I used to work at, and many students there still have contact with me.

8. There is a mountain ________ top is always covered with snow. 9. You can take any seat ________ is free.

10. Could you tell me from _________ you borrowed this book?

二、用定语从句合并下列句子。 1. The lady is a film star.

You took a photo of the lady yesterday.

_______________________________________________________________________ 2. What’s the address of the factory?

We noticed the advertisement of the factory the other day.

________________________________________________________________________ 3. This is the stadium

He often goes to the stadium on Sundays.

________________________________________________________________________ 4. A professor is going to give us a speech this Friday afternoon. He has been working on environmental protection.

________________________________________________________________________ 5. He hasn’t got enough money.

He can buy a laptop with the money.

________________________________________________________________________

三、单项填空。

1. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there? A. who B. / C. that D. when 2. The doctor is leaving for Africa next month. A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 3. He talked about a hero no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who 4. Have you read the book I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose

5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ______ they can talk frequently.

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