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常用的口语词组和表达
************************ 听力中具有否定意义的结构 ************************ (1)包含否定性的关键词
W:What kind of fruit would you like, apple or orange? M:Neither. Actually, I prefer banana to any other fruit. Q: What did the man mean?
A) He didn't like any fruit.
B) He wanted other kinds of fruit.
C) He liked banana more than any other fruit.
D) He liked all sorts of fruit except for apple and orange.
本句中neither是一个关键词,出这个词可知,男方既不喜欢苹果也不喜欢桔子,再配合后一句话可知,他只爱香蕉。因此选C为正确答案。 否定形式的关键词主要有以下类型:
表示否定意义的副词和形容词,如 hardly, rarely, little, seldom, few, never 等。 表示否定意义的代词和连词,如:nothing, nobody, neither, nor, none等。
由否定前缀或否定后缀构成的词。常见否定前缀有im-,un-,dis-,non-;常见否定后缀有-less等。
表示否定意义的动词、动词短语或介词短语,如:fail, miss, avoid, deny, hate, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。
从所表达的否定的意义上来讲可分为:
1.全部否定 用完全否定词no, none, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, not等表示。
2.部分否定 常用半否定词seldom, rarely, few, hardly, little等来否定其中一部分。此外,还可用not与always, all, entirely, both, every连用,表示部分否定。 3.双重否定 双重否定通常表示肯定意义,往往是加强语气。
4.强调否定 常见的否定词或短语有:never, little, barely, seldom, in no way, by no means, under no circumstances, on no account, 且为倒装语序。 5.含否定意思的动词、动词短语,介词、介词词组等 如deny, without, too?to, anything but, miss, fail, rather than, instead of等。 (2)否定式句法结构
常用的否定结构有too?to结构,强调否定式结构,如以 never, little, rarely等词开头的倒装句,以及双重否定式结构,如not uncommon, not impossible, No one can deny?, not careless等。这类否定较为常见,要求考生敏感地觉察出句子的否定意味,否则就会造成判断错误。如:
W: I heard the student bus was overturned in a traffic accident M: Yes, and what is more, no one on the bus was not injured. Q: How many were injured in the accident? A) No one on the bus was injured.
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B) More than one student on the bus was injured. C) Every one on the bus was injured.
D) Only one student on the bus was injured.
如果听出男方话中的双重否定结构,就不难选出正确答案C〉但如果未听出双重否定结构,漏听一个或两个not,那么就极可能选出A或D。 (3)对一方观点的委婉否定
这种现象也比较常见。英美人否定他人观点一般不直接表述,而采取十分委婉的方式,显得礼貌和尊重对方,因此要特别注意。如:
M: You have been in London for several months. How do you like the city? W: The only thing is the sun never shines. It's always gray and gloomy. Q: What doesn't the woman seem to like about London?
A) The unsmiling faces B) The weather C) The Londoners D) The sun 由女方的话中不难体会出,这位女士除了抱怨伦敦整天雾气蒙蒙,难见艳阳之外,别的方面还算过得去。因此,答案是B。
************************************************ 英语口语特点实例分析及常见口语表达方式
************************************************ 1、英语口语表达方法
英语口语表达主要是靠一些口语常用的单词、短语及习惯表达法来实现的。而且口语中使用的单词大都是音节较少的词。如单音节或双音节词,这些词往往都是学生很熟悉的,如work, make, fix, pick等。在听力测试中,学生大都能听清楚这些词的发音,但却不能揣摩出整个句子的含义,因为他们往往是在书面语的语境里掌握这些词的,殊不知在口语中,这些词的意思发生了变化。
例如:A: You have 15 minutes to get your train. B: All right, I guess I can make it. 译文
A:你只有一刻钟的时间去赶乘这班火车了。 B:没关系,我想我赶得上。
W: I hear there's a good Japanese restaurant nearby. Would you like to go there for lunch?
M: Yes, but it's my treat this time. Q: What does the man mean?
译文
W:我听说附近有一家不错的日本餐馆,你愿意去那里吃午饭吗? M:行,不过这次该我请了。 Q:这位男士的话是什么意思?
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(1)do进展,进行(作为不及物动词)
How are you doing on your paper? 你的论文进展顺利吗? How did you do in the examination? 你考得怎么样? (2)dead不动,失灵
The car is totally dead.这辆车完全开不动了。
(3)fix修理,确定,准备
I'm going to fix the bicycle myself. 我打算自己修理自行车。
We have to fix a date for the next meeting. 我们应确定下一次会议的日期。 She's fixing breakfast for three of us. 她正在为我们三人准备早餐。 (4)check(凭客票)托运(用于美国英语)
We checked two trunks to Chicago. 我们把两个箱子托运到芝加哥。 (5)work out产生结果,成功
The plan worked out badly. 计划执行得很不成功。
(6)agree with(食物、气候等)适合某人
The climate here doesn't agree with me. 我不适应这里的气候。
(7)pick up顺便去买,把??载上车
Don't forget to pick up bananas on your way home. 回家途中别忘了顺便买些香蕉。 Shall I pick you up at the station? 要我开车到车站支接你吗? (8)go Dutch 各人付各人的帐
let's go Dutch.咱们各付各的帐。
(9)be around 露面,被见到
He'll be around this afternoon.今天下午可以见到他。
(10)call on sb. 请某人回答问题/讲话
The chairman called on me to speak at the meeting.会议主席要我在会上发言。 (11)How are you going?你好吗? 其实这一表达法类似于“How are you?”,也是常用于口语中的问题候语。类似的表达法还有: How are things going?近来好吗? How is everything?一切都好吗?
How are you getting on/along?你过得好吗?
(12)I can't agree with you more.我完全同意你的想法。
这是一句典型的形式否定而意思肯定的句子,这种句子在口语中出现得较多。又如: I couldn't be more sure.我再肯定不过了。
学生若不熟悉这种口语表达法,对听到的句子所表示的肯定意义就无法做出正确判断。 2、英语口语表达方式
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****************** 常见口语表达方式 *******************
下面节选了听力测试中常用的,并且在意义上容易弄错的一些短语、习语和惯用法等。供考生学习参考:
absence of mind 心不在焉;发呆 apply one's mind to 专心于(某事) as good as gold (小孩)很乖
as right as rain 非常健康、很好的 at sb's back 支持某人
at the top of the ladder/tree 名列前茅 babe in the woods 天真而缺宪法经验的人 bear watching 有希望;有前途
beat aroundabout the bush 旁敲侧击;转弯抹角 back out 食言;变卦
back up sb./sth. 支持;援助(某人)
beyone (all)question 毫无疑问:无可争辨
bird in the bush 未到手的东西;未定局的事情 bird in the hand 已到手的东西;已定局的事情 blow hot and cold 摇摆不定;反复无常
booked up 没空;有约会;(戏票等)已被预订一空 burn the midnight oil 开夜车;工作到深夜
bury/hide/have/put oneself 不愿接受或正视现实;采取鸵鸟政策 cannot help doing sth. 不禁要(做某事) check in 登记;报到 check out 付帐后离开
check off/over/out sth. 检验;复核
close/shut one's eye to 无视;对?置之不理 call it a day 今天就这样算了;就干这里为止 come up with 赶上;提出
come off with flying colours 凯旋;太功告成 come about 发生
come to 总计;苏醒;复原
count for little/nothing 无足轻重;微不足道 count for much 非常重要;关系重大 count on/upon 依靠,指望
do sb. a favour 帮(某人)一个忙
do sb.'s heart good 上某人当;受某人欺骗 do the business 起作用;奏效;可以满足要求 do sth up brown 把(某事)彻底做好 a dog's age 很久,长久
down on one's luck 倒霉;不走运 draw(a)blank 失败;落空
draw the/a line 拒绝做某事;对某事有节制 draw one's time (被迫地)辞去工作 dying for 渴望,非常想 dying of ??得要死
eat one's heart out 忧伤过度
have other fish to fry 另外有事要做,别有要事
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