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初一(下)语法
M1.
代词包括人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词、it用法。 其中人称代词的用法是重中之重,它包括主格和宾格,人称代词主格在句子充当主语;人称代词的宾格在句中充当动词、介词的宾语或表语。 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 主格 宾格 如:--Who is that boy? --He is Tom.
物主代词的用法(表示所属关系,包括形容词性物主代词的用法和名词性物主代词的用法): 1.形容词性物主代词在句子中作定语修饰名词,不单独使用。
2.名词性物主代词常用来代替前面已提及的名词,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。
3.名词性物主代词可用在of后面作宾语,相当于“of+名词所有格”,表示带有部分概念或者有一定的感情色彩。 物主代词 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 第一人称 my mine our ours 第二人称 your yours your yours 第三人称 her hers his his its its their theirs I me we us you you you you he him she her they them 如:--Whose bag is that? --It is mine.
M2.
情态动词的特征:
(1)有一定的词义但不能单独作谓语,必须和行为动词或系动词连用,构成谓语。 (2)无人称和数的变化(have to例外,其第三人称单数形式为has to)。 如:We must stay here.
后接动词原形,即不带to的不定式。 如|:He may lose her way.
(4)具有助动词的作用,可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。 如:--Can you sing an English song?
--Yes,I can.
情态动词can 的用法:情态动词can 后面跟动词原形。它可以表示能力,译为“能,会”;可以表示怀疑、推测,译为“可能”;表示请求、允许,译为“可以”。本单元主语集中讲述can 的肯定、否定和疑问形式。
表示能力,译为“能,会”。 如:Can you play basketball?
表示怀疑、推测,译为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中。 如:Lucy can’t be in the room.
表示请求、允许,译为“可以”,相当于may。 如:You can go now.
含有情态动词can 的肯定句变否定句时,直接在它后面加not;肯定句变一般疑问句时,把can提前即可。见下表: 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 肯定回答 否定回答
如:
My sister can sing. My sister can’t sing. --Can your sister sing? --Yes ,she can. --No ,she can’t.
M3.
一般将来时:be gong to +动词原形
一、“be gong to +动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定的、很可能发生的事,或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。如: What are you going to do next week? 下周日你打算干什么?
Look at the dark clouds.There is gong to be a storm. 看那乌云,暴风雨就要来临了。
主语+can+动词原形。。。 主语+cannot\\can’t +动词原形。。。 Can+主语+动词原形。。。? Yes,主语+can. No,主语+can\\t. 注意:在下面几种情况下只可用shall\\will 表示将来,而不可用be going to 结构。 表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气地邀请或命令时。如: Will you please lend me your bike? 请你把自行车借给我用一下好吗? 表示意愿时。如:
I’ll check this letter for you,if you want. 你要愿意,我会给你查查这封信的。
表示单纯的将来,与人的主管愿望和判断无关时。如: The sun will rise at half past six tomorrow morning. 明天早上太阳将在6:30升起。
二、be going to 在句中一般用在其他动词之前。be 包括am\\is\\are。根据be 的句法要求,可以推断出be going to do sth 的否定形式和疑问形式, 见下表: 肯定 I’m going to 否定 一般疑问 回答 visit I’m not going to visit Are you going to visit Yes, I am. Beijing. Beijing? No,I’m not. Beijing. You are going to the park You are not going to the Are you going to the park Yes,you are. tomorrow. park tomorrow. tomorrow? No,I’m not. He\\She is going to buy He\\She is not going to buy Is he\\she going to buy Yes,he\\she is. some clothes. It is going to rain. some clothes. It is not going to rain. some clothes? Is it going to rain? No,he\\she isn’t. Yes,it is. No,it isn’t. We are going to have a We are not going to have a Are we going to have a Yes,we are. picnic. picnic. picnic? No,we aren’t. They are going to have a They are not going to have a Are they going to have a Yes,they are. party.
其特殊疑问句形式是由特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成。如: --What are they going to do this evening?
party. party? No,they aren’t. --They are going to see a film.
--Where is he going to have his birthday party? --At home.
M4.
一般将来时:will+do
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,其结构是will+动词原形,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,next...,in a few days,in+一段时间,in+将来的年份等。如: Will you be back in two days? 你将在两天之后回来吗?
They will leave for Shanghai next week. 他们下周将去上海。
当主语是I或we时,疑问句中一般使用shall,表示征求对方意见。如? Where shall we meet tomorrow? 明天我们在哪里见面?
will表示的是一般将来时,本身没有人称和数的变化。下面将will的句式总结如下: 肯定 I will have many books. 否定 一般疑问 回答 I will not (won’t)have Will I have many books? Yes,I will. many books. No,I won’t. Yes,you will. No,you won’t. Yes,he\\she will. No,he\\she won’t. not (won’t) Will it happen? Yes,it will. No,it won’t. Will we win? Yes,we will. No,we won’t. You will write a book. You will not (won’t) Will you write a book? write a book. He\\She will fly kites. He\\She will not (won’t) Will he\\she fly kites? fly kites. It will happen. It will happen. We will win. We will not (won’t) win. They will clean the room. They will not Will they clean the Yes,they will.
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