八年级语文（上）第一单元检测卷 2011.9

rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an \nteen\ndardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research \s\on management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ...18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed outhat China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the \n one\out of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a \nt of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform. The \achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme \ction Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the thir八年级语文(上)第一单元检测卷

(满分100分 时间120分钟)

班级__________ 姓名_________ 得分_____________

一、积累与运用(24分)

1．根据汉语拼音写出汉字。(4分)

逶(yí) _ (chù) 立 （hān）__ 然入梦 万(lài)______俱寂 2．下面一段话中有四个错别字，把它们找出来填入表中，然后改正。(4分)

长征是中国革命史上惊天洞地的壮举，给我们留下了宝贵的精神财富。我们读过的文章，有的是诗歌，放声呕歌长征中红军战士的钢铁意志；有的是小说，刻画了感人致深的人物形象；有的是电视剧本，逼真地再现了长征途中的动人情景……读了这些文章，我们就如同走了一篇长征路。

错别字 改 正 3．默写。（8分） ① ，乌蒙磅礴走泥丸。 （《七律 长征》） ②_________________，千锤百炼不怕难。雪山低头迎远客， 。

（《过雪山草地》）

③亲人送水来解渴，___________________。 （《四渡赤水出奇兵》）④耳朵里有不可捉摸的声响，极远的又是极近的，极洪大的又是极细切的， ，

，像山泉在呜咽， 。 （《老山界》） ⑤青山遮不住， 。 （《菩萨蛮 书江西造口壁》） 4. 请仿照例句的句式，在下面的横线上将句子补充完整。(4分) 例句：如果我是阳光，我将照亮所有的黑暗。

如果我是清风，我将________________________________________________________ 如果我是春雨，我将________________________________________________________ 5．如果让你主持“青春在这里闪光”的主题班会，请设计一段开场白，要求内容新颖，能吸引同学们的注意力，引起同学们的思考，使同学们积极地参与到主题班会中。(4分)

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

二、阅读与理解(46分)

阅读《长征组歌》第六乐章《飞渡大渡河》，完成6－8题。(9分)

lenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of \ as the key link,\o socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promotingpolitical integrity, and strive to achieve cadres ' honest and Government integrity, clean politics. To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture. o improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development rsults more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to thepeople the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people. To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for therapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an \nteen\ndardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research \s\on management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ...18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the \n one\out of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a \nt of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform. The \achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme \ction Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the thir 水湍急，山峭耸，雄关险，豺狼凶。 健儿巧渡金沙江，兄弟民族夹道迎。 安顺场边孤舟勇，踩波踏流歼敌兵。 昼夜兼程二百四，猛打穷追夺泸定。 铁索桥上显威风，勇士万代留英名。

6．这首诗主要赞扬了红军战士，从哪些词语可以看出来?(3分)

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7．请用简洁的语言概括其中所写的主要事件。(3分)

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8．诗歌的前四句“水湍急，山峭耸，雄关险，豺狼凶”，对表达主旨起什么作用?(3分)

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 阅读《老山界》选段，完成9－13题。 (10分)

满天都是星光，火把也亮起来了。从山脚向上望，只见火把排成许多“之”字形，一直连到天上，跟星光接起来，分不出是火把还是星星。这真是我生平没见过的。

大家都知道这座山是怎样的陡了，不由浑身紧张，前后呼喊起来，都想努一把力，好快些翻过山去。 “不要掉队呀！” “不要落后做乌龟呀！” “我们顶着天啦！”

大家听了，哈哈地笑了起来。

在“之”字拐的路上一步一步地上去。向上看，火把在头顶上一点点排到天空；向下看，简直是绝壁，火把照着人的脸，就在脚底下。

走了半天，忽然前面又走不动了。传来的话说，前面又有一段路在峭壁上，马爬不上去。又等了一点多钟，传下命令来说，就在这里睡觉，明天一早登山。就在这里睡觉？怎么行呢？下去到竹林里睡是不可能的。但就在路上睡么？路只有一尺来宽，半夜里一个翻身不就骨碌下去了么？而且路上的石头又非常不平，睡一晚准会疼死人。

lenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of \ss struggle as the key link,\fted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban,

established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres ' honest and Government integrity, clean politics. To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture. o improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people. To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the- 2 -

rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an \nteen\ndardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research \ficials\on management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ...18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the \n one\eneral layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a \nt of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform. The \achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme \ction Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third 但这是没有办法的，只得裹一条毯子，横着心躺下去。因为实在太疲倦，一会儿就hān然入梦了。

9．“这真是我生平没见过的奇观”一句表达作者什么心情？句中的“奇观”指什么？(2分)

________________________________________________________________________ 10．选文两次提到了“火把”，说说它们在文中各自的作用是什么？ (2分)

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11．“在‘之’字拐的路上”，红军战士为什么非要“一步一步地”才能上去？ (2分)

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12．你对战士们翻山时的喊声、笑声是如何的理解的，说说你的看法。 (2分)

________________________________________________________________________ 13．老山界是红军长征中所过的第一座难走的山，请你结合选文内容说说难在哪里。(2分)

________________________________________________________________________ 阅读下面的文章，回答14－17题。（12分）

人类水资源现状

①水是人类及其他生物繁衍生存的基本条件，是人们生活不可替代的重要资源，是生态环境中最活跃、影响最广泛的因素，具有许多其他资源所没有的、独特的性能和多重的使用功能，是工农业生产重要资源。工业生产中，水具有冷却、加工、沸腾、蒸发、传送等一系列功能。农业用水占了全球使用量的73%，这里主要指灌溉用水。

②全球有水139万亿立方米，其中97.3%是咸水。2.7%的淡水中又有69%以冰雪形式存在或作为冰帽集中在南北极的高山上难以开发利用。只有很少的水可供人们使用，有直接经济效益。水的数量虽在一定时期内是保持平衡的，但在一定的时间、一定的空间范围内又是非常有限的。目前，世界上早已有出现了水危机的国家如埃塞俄比亚。联合国已发出警告：“水将成为一种严重的社会危机。”水资源已成了一个国家、一个地区持续发展的非常稀缺的资源。现在世界上约2／3的国家都不同程度地反映出水的危机。

③我国是一个水资源十分短缺的国家，人均水资源量仅占世界平均水平的1/4。尽管我国水资源总量为28000亿立方米左右，但地区分布十分不均，有八成分布在南方，而南方耕地只占全国耕地面积的1／3左右。水土资源不相匹配，生态环境相对脆弱。我国地域广阔，南北跨度极大，远距离调水的难度可想而知。因此，总的水资源可利用量并不很大。我国人均水资源占有量为2300立方米，到2030年人口高峰将达到16亿，人均水资

lenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of \ss struggle as the key link,\fted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban,

established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres ' honest and Government integrity, clean politics. To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture. o improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people. To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the- 3 -

rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an \nteen\ndardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research \s\on management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ...18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the \n one\out of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a \nt of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform. The \achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme \ction Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the thir源占有量为1700立方米，将接近或达到世界公认的用水警戒线。缺水将越来越成为我国经济社会发展的严重制约因素。中国平均每年因旱受灾的耕地面积约四亿亩。正常年份全国灌区每年缺水300亿立方米，城市缺水60亿立方米。全国年排放废污水总量近600亿吨，其中80%未经处理直接排入水域。在全国调查评价的700多条重要河流中，有近50%的河段、90%以上的城市沿河水域遭到污染。

④供需失衡的结果，一是国民经济用水挤占生态环境用水，二是城市与工业用水挤占农业用水。目前，北方水资源开发程度已超过50%，导致河道断流和湖泊萎缩；南方水网地区污水超标排放，造成水体污染；西北干旱区大量挤占生态用水，荒漠化趋势蔓延；西南山丘区坡陡田高水低，水资源开发利用工程艰巨。从全国看，水资源现状承载能力和生态环境容量已经明显不足。

14．从③段中看，我国水资源十分短缺的主要原因是(3分)

（1）_______________________________________________________________ （2）_______________________________________________________________ （3）_______________________________________________________________。

15．第③段“人均水资源量仅占世界平均水平的1／4，一句中的“仅”能否删去？为什么？(3分)

________________________________________________________________________ 16．第④段中，作者举出北方地区、南方水网地区、西北干旱区、西南山丘区等几个地区的用水情况，是为了具体说明什么？(2分)

________________________________________________________________________ 17．针对我国目前水资源现状，请你提两条合理化建议，并简要说明理由。(4分)

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 阅读下面的文章，回答18－21题。（15分）

长征路上的纪念碑

朱明溪

①纪念碑园坐落在川西北松藩县境内的元宝山旁，远远望去，便可看到山顶上有一座金光闪烁的金碑。金碑的顶端直冲蓝天白云，四周青山环抱，绿树成林。山旁有一大片布局有序、制作精致的建筑群，其中有群雕、浮雕、石雕和铜雕等许多珍品，艺术地再现了红军长征从开始到胜利结束的艰难历程。纪念碑在松柏的掩映下显得格外庄严肃穆。这就是为纪念中国工农红军举世闻名的二万五千里长征而修建的“红军长征纪念碑碑园”。

lenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of \ss struggle as the key link,\fted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban,

established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres ' honest and Government integrity, clean politics. To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture. o improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people. To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the- 4 -